Moving to France involves more than just packing your bags. Once you go beyond a simple tourist stay, daily life is built on a series of strictly regulated administrative procedures: visa, residence permit, healthcare, housing, bank account, driver’s license, taxes… The whole process can seem intimidating, but once you understand the logic, each step follows on quite clearly.
This guide details the necessary procedures for living in France long-term. It is based both on the official regulations in force and on concrete practices observed on the ground, offering a structured and practical overview.
Understanding the general framework: who needs what?
Before filling out any form, you need to know which category you fall into. Requirements are not the same depending on nationality, length of stay, and project (work, studies, retirement, family reunification, etc.).
Citizens of the EU, EEA, Switzerland, Monaco, Andorra, San Marino, and the Vatican can settle in France without a visa or residence permit, regardless of the duration. For all other nationalities, a stay exceeding 90 days within 180 days necessarily requires a long-stay visa and then a residence permit.
This first sorting can be summarized in a synthetic table.
| Person’s Profile | Visa needed for > 90 days? | Residence permit needed locally? | Notable Particularities |
|---|---|---|---|
| EU / EEA / Swiss / Monaco / etc. Citizen | No | No (optional) | Free settlement, residence card possible but not required |
| British citizen arriving after Brexit | Yes | Yes | Treated as a third-country national |
| British citizen covered by the Withdrawal Agreement | No (acquired rights) | WARP card mandatory | Exceptional regime, not subject to new language requirements for renewal |
| Algerian citizen | Yes | Specific residence certificate | Franco-Algerian conventional regime, 1 or 10-year cards |
| Other nationals outside EU / EEA / Switzerland | Yes | Yes | Standard visa + residence card procedures |
From the moment you fall into the “third-country” category, the standard sequence is as follows: long-stay visa, validation by the OFII, first years with temporary cards, then possibly a multi-year card, a 10-year resident card, or even citizenship.
Obtaining the right to stay: visas, VLS-TS, and residence cards
Except for Europeans and a few special cases, everything therefore begins at the French consulate or embassy in your country of residence, via the France-Visas portal.
The main families of long-stay visas
Long-stay visas (Type D) are issued for stays of more than three months. They come in several sub-categories, each with its own conditions.
The “Long-Stay Visa Equivalent to a Residence Permit” (VLS‑TS) is the most common format: it allows you to stay for up to a year without a physical residence card, provided it is validated online within three months of arrival. There are also Temporary Long-Stay Visas (VLS‑T), which are not renewable from within France and do not entitle the holder to French social protection.
In practice, the majority of newcomers go through a few main types of visas:
Presentation of the main visas allowing a stay in France, adapted to different personal and professional situations.
For retirees, individuals with private income, or remote workers paid from abroad, with a commitment not to work for a French employer.
For persons enrolled in a recognized French institution, granting the right to limited employment (about 964 hours per year).
For employees with an employment contract with a French employer.
For qualified profiles: researchers, investors, business founders, artists, etc.
For family reunification or for spouses and close relatives of French nationals or residents.
For certain young nationals (e.g., Canada, Australia, Japan), combining a stay with the right to limited work.
Financial requirements vary significantly by category. A visitor, for example, must prove resources of at least the equivalent of the net minimum wage, with reference amounts around €1,430 net per month for a single person and higher thresholds for a couple or family. Some “visitor” schemes aimed at retirees or inactive persons mention a base of around €1,800 per month and/or capital of at least €30,000 to reassure authorities of the ability to secure housing and healthcare without working.
The central role of the VLS‑TS
The VLS‑TS occupies a special place in the procedures for living in France. Once issued, it serves both as an entry visa and the first residence permit for a period of 3 to 12 months. But this function is only effective after online validation.
During the first three months, the visa alone is sufficient to justify the regularity of the stay. Beyond that, the lack of validation de facto transforms the situation into an irregular stay, with the risk of a fine, difficulties re-entering the Schengen area, and blocked access to many rights (healthcare, benefits, etc.). Hence the importance of addressing this step upon arrival.
From the first year to multi-year cards
Upon expiration of the VLS‑TS, the ball passes from the consulate to the prefecture. Depending on the purpose of the stay and personal situation, several types of cards can be applied for:
The French system of residence permits includes several categories. The temporary residence card, valid for one year, is often the first permit obtained after a visa for statuses such as employee, visitor, private and family life, or student. After a successful first year, a multi-year residence card (valid for up to four years) may be issued subject to conditions of stability, integration, and resources. The 10-year resident card is accessible in some cases upon first admission, for example for spouses of French nationals or refugees, or after several years of regular residence. Finally, the Long-Term Resident – EU card, also valid for 10 years, is granted after five years of uninterrupted residence with eligible permits, and is subject to enhanced conditions regarding resources, health insurance, and integration.
In most cases, the renewal application must be submitted between two and four months before the expiration of the current permit. A receipt or a certificate of ongoing processing allows you to remain legally during the processing, which can take six to ten weeks, sometimes longer depending on the prefecture.
Increasingly stringent language and integration requirements
France has tightened its integration criteria for access to long-term cards and citizenship: level A2 is required for many multi-year cards, B1 for many resident cards, and B2 is announced for naturalization by decree starting in 2026. These levels must be proven by official tests (TCF, DELF…) whose validity for residence procedures is limited to two years.
In parallel, a civic knowledge test in the form of a multiple-choice quiz has been introduced as part of the Republican Integration Contract. It covers Republican values, institutions, rights and duties, as well as cultural and historical benchmarks. Passing this test and, where applicable, participation in language and civic training are conditions for moving from the first year to a multi-year card in several scenarios.
Validating your arrival: the OFII step and the integration contract
As soon as you are in France, holders of a VLS‑TS must complete a series of formalities with the French Office for Immigration and Integration (OFII) and via the ANEF digital platform.
Online validation: a mandatory step within three months
Since the digitization of the process, the first step is to log on to the dedicated portal and provide:
– visa number,
– date of entry into France,
– address in France,
– contact details,
– and to pay the validation tax.
Payment is made by credit card or via an electronic tax stamp purchased at a tobacconist or on the dedicated website. Amounts vary by visa type: a “visitor” long-stay visa, for example, is around €250, while certain student statuses pay reduced amounts (on the order of €60).
Upon validation, a PDF certificate is generated. It is important to keep it safe, print it, and file it away, as it will be requested later, notably during your first renewal at the prefecture.
Summons, medical visit, and integration pathway
Once the visa is validated, the OFII takes over. The organization summons the new arrival for a series of appointments that can span several weeks: medical visit, language tests, signing of the Republican Integration Contract, and civic training days.
Summons wait times vary by region: some accounts mention one to two months of waiting, others three to four months. Summons are generally sent by mail, email, and sometimes SMS. It is possible to request a postponement in case of major impossibility, but ignoring these letters significantly complicates the continuation of the stay.
The medical visit checks general fitness and commonly includes:
The free health check-up offered includes four main examinations: a chest X-ray, anthropometric and blood pressure measurements, a vision test, and a review of vaccinations.
A medical certificate is issued in two copies: one for personal records, the other intended for the prefecture at the time of the first residence card application. The absence of this document can lead to additional delays.
In parallel, a written and oral French test assesses the new arrival’s level. Those who immediately reach a sufficient level are exempt from mandatory courses; others are offered up to several hundred hours of training. Four days of civic training complete the process. Effective participation in this pathway is examined when applying for the multi-year card: neglected engagement often results in a renewal limited to one year.
Finding legal housing: lease, rental application, and guarantees
To live in France, having a stable address is both a practical necessity and an almost systematic condition for other procedures (banking, residence permit, healthcare). Renting a home requires mastering a few French specifics.
The rental market clearly distinguishes between unfurnished rentals, intended for the long term with a lease of a minimum of three years (six years if the landlord is a company), and furnished rentals (one-year lease, nine months for students). Furnished housing must comply with a legal list of equipment: bedding, cooking facilities, utensils, refrigerator, table, chairs, lighting, storage, etc.
Apartments are classified (T1, T2, T3…) according to the number of main rooms, excluding kitchen, bathroom, and WC. A studio is a single room with an integrated kitchen of at least 9 m². Coliving offers individual rooms of about 10 m² in large shared houses with services (cleaning, common spaces), for average stays of ten months.
The rental “dossier”: a quasi-investigative procedure
In France, it is almost impossible to sign a lease without providing a “rental application dossier”. This dossier, now widely accepted in digital format, gathers documents allowing the landlord to verify the applicant’s identity, professional situation, and solvency:
– proof of identity,
– residence permit or long-stay visa if a foreigner,
– recent proof of address (rent receipt, utility bill, tax notice),
– proof of income (last three pay slips, pension statements, business summary for the self-employed, tax notice),
– specific justifications depending on status (student card, company registration, retirement notice, etc.).
A decree strictly regulates the list of documents that can be requested: for example, a landlord does not have the right to ask for detailed bank statements or a criminal record extract. But in practice, an incomplete dossier is often immediately rejected, especially in large cities.
For foreigners with no history in France (permanent contract, French tax notice, local guarantor), the state offers the Visale Guarantee, managed by Action Logement. It acts as a guarantor free of charge for young people under 31 or adults with modest incomes (up to about €1,500 net/month), subject to rent ceilings.
| Dossier Element | Examples of Accepted Documents |
|---|---|
| Identity | Passport, national ID card, residence permit |
| Situation in France | Long-stay visa, receipt, residence card |
| Current Address | Electricity bill, rent receipt, property tax bill (if applicable) |
| Resources | Three pay slips, pension statement, latest tax returns |
| Specific Status (student, self-employed, retiree) | Enrollment certificate, Kbis/SIRET, pension notification |
| Guarantor / Visale scheme | Written commitment, guarantor’s documents or Visale certificate |
Landlords can additionally require a guarantor – often based in France – who commits to paying the rent if the tenant defaults. This guarantor must provide a similar dossier. Some tenants, especially foreigners, turn to specialized companies that act as guarantors for a fee.
Lease contract, security deposit, and notice period
The lease contract is mandatory for a primary residence. It must detail the description of the property, the lease duration, the amount of rent and security deposit, service charges, and notice periods. It is accompanied by a Technical Diagnostic File (DDT), including notably the Energy Performance Certificate (DPE), which classifies the property from A to G based on its consumption and emissions.
The security deposit is one month’s rent excluding charges for an unfurnished property and two months for a furnished one. It must be returned within two months after departure, minus any applicable tenant repairs. Any payment ‘under the table’ (like for a key fee or unjustified ‘pas-de-porte’) is illegal.
Notice periods vary: a tenant of a furnished property can leave with one month’s notice, and a tenant of an unfurnished property with three months (reduced to one month in certain tense areas or special situations: job loss, transfer, starting first job, recipients of certain social benefits, etc.). The landlord, on the other hand, must respect longer periods (three or six months) and can only give notice for a few limited reasons: taking back the property to live in, selling it, or serious breach by the tenant.
The “inventory of fixtures” upon entry and exit, potentially done by a bailiff, is crucial for establishing the property’s initial condition. Any defect not reported upon entry may be charged to the outgoing tenant.
Opening a French bank account: the key to other procedures
In France, a local bank account is not a luxury but almost a condition for normal functioning: to receive a salary, pay rent, subscribe to a phone or internet plan, or obtain healthcare reimbursements.
Resident, non-resident: two different banking regimes
Banks distinguish between tax residents, who live in France for more than 183 days a year and pay their taxes there, and non‑residents. The latter can open a “non‑resident account,” often more expensive and limited (lower withdrawal limits, constraints on transfers and payment methods, higher minimum deposit).
Traditional banks (BNP Paribas, HSBC France, Crédit Agricole, Crédit Mutuel…) offer services dedicated to new arrivals. Online banks and neobanks (Boursorama, N26, Wise, Nickel…) offer more flexible solutions but may be less suited for procedures related to residence permits or administrative deductions. American citizens should note that FATCA regulation obliges foreign banks to report accounts of ‘US persons’, which can complicate opening an account.
Regardless of status, opening an account involves a battery of documents.
| Document Usually Requested | Details and Remarks |
|---|---|
| Proof of Identity | Passport, sometimes supplemented by a second ID |
| Residence Permit / Visa | Residence card, validated VLS‑TS, receipt |
| Proof of Address in France | Utility bill, certificate of accommodation + host’s ID |
| Proof of Income | Employment contract, pay slips, bank statements, tax notice |
| Proof of Address Abroad (for non‑resident) | Utility bill, bank statement, notarized deed |
| RIB from another account | Often useful for initial operations |
Getting an appointment with an advisor is almost always necessary, and rarely immediate. Once the application is accepted, the bank sends the account agreement, then the debit card and PIN code, often in separate mailings. In case of unjustified refusal, it is possible to contact the Bank of France to have it designate a bank obliged to open a basic account.
Account maintenance fees can range from a few euros to over €20 per month. Supplements often apply for the debit card, international transfers, or certain specific services. Accounts for non-residents are generally more expensive.
Once settled with a valid residence permit, healthcare becomes a central aspect of the procedures for living in France. The country has a universal health insurance system, PUMA, which covers stable residents (at least three months of continuous presence) or anyone engaged in professional activity.
Registering for health insurance: CPAM and forms
Registration for health insurance is done with the Primary Health Insurance Fund (CPAM) of the place of residence. The procedure and form vary depending on the situation:
– employees with a French employment contract,
– students,
– researchers,
– inactive residents,
– family members.
Although enrollment for employees is generally automatic via the prior hiring declaration (DPAE) made by the employer to URSSAF, the individuals must complete their file by providing several documents. This file includes form S1106, accompanied by the employment contract, first pay slip, residence permit (if applicable), proof of address, bank details (RIB), and a birth certificate. For the latter, a sworn translation is often required.
Foreign students, on the other hand, go through a dedicated portal, which generates a temporary social security number, then a definitive one after processing. Holders of a “Talent Passport – Researcher” have a centralized channel managed by the Paris CPAM, which allows optimizing access to rights from the first day of work.
Finally, residents without professional activity can apply for affiliation based on stable residence after three months. They must demonstrate their continuous presence (through bills, a lease, etc.) and declare their resources, as a supplementary contribution may apply to certain investment income.
In all cases, the application leads to the creation of a social security number, definitive and unique, and the issuance of an affiliation certificate, used while waiting for the Carte Vitale.
The Carte Vitale and choosing a primary doctor
The Carte Vitale is the key to the healthcare pathway: a green card with a microchip that allows the healthcare professional to electronically transmit reimbursement information immediately to the CPAM. It is requested via the ameli.fr website or by paper form, after receiving the definitive number. It must then be regularly updated at a pharmacy or a service desk.
Standard reimbursement rate by Social Security for a general practitioner consultation or most medications.
To benefit from the best reimbursements, it is necessary to declare a primary doctor, i.e., a referring general practitioner. Without this declaration, consultations are still reimbursed, but at a less favorable rate. The primary doctor refers, if needed, to specialists: consulting a specialist outside this pathway (except for exceptions like gynecologists, ophthalmologists, dentists) results in a reduced reimbursement.
Since health insurance does not cover 100% of costs, almost all residents take out a “mutuelle,” i.e., complementary health insurance. Some companies offer a mandatory collective scheme for their employees; the self-employed, students, and inactive persons must choose one themselves.
Levels of coverage and premiums vary considerably. A high-end complementary plan can fully reimburse excess fees, optical or dental care, while a basic plan is limited to the co-payment on standard services. For people with modest incomes, the Solidarity Complementary Health Insurance (CSS) can cover all or part of the costs, after the CPAM reviews the situation.
Alongside health insurance proper, France requires civil liability insurance (damage caused to third parties) for anyone residing on its territory. It is often included in home insurance contracts, which are themselves generally required by landlords.
Driving in France: foreign license, exchange, and French license
For those intending to live in France with a car, the question of a driver’s license arises quickly. Contrary to a common belief, it is not always necessary to retake the exams; it all depends on the country of origin of the license, residency status, and duration of residence.
Using a foreign license: limited duration and translation
An adult over 18 can drive in France with a valid foreign license, under certain conditions. For a simple tourist stay or a business trip of less than 90 days, it is enough to present your license, ideally accompanied by a certified French translation or an international driving permit. For a longer stay, the situation becomes more complex.
Holders of a residence permit (residence card, resident card) can continue to drive with their non-European license for one year from the start of validity of their first permit (excluding students). During this period, the license must be valid, not suspended or revoked, have been issued by the country of previous normal residence (with at least six months of residence in that country), and be accompanied by an official translation if it is not a French license.
Foreign students can drive in France with their original license for the entire duration of their studies, without having to exchange it, as long as they maintain their student status. Similarly, diplomats benefit from a similar exemption for the duration of their mission.
Conversely, a French person returning to the country with a non-European license cannot use it freely during their studies: they must comply with standard rules.
Exchanging your license: reciprocal agreements and deadlines
Beyond the recognition period, the only way to continue driving will be either to exchange the foreign license for a French one, or to retake the exams in France. Exchange is only possible if France has a reciprocal agreement with the country (or federated state) that issued the license.
In the case of the United States, for example, France recognizes agreements with a limited number of states, and often only for certain categories (Class B, sometimes A). A license issued in a non-listed state cannot be exchanged: the holder will have to retake the written test and road test after one year of residence.
The exchange must be requested before the original license expires and generally at least three months before the end of the one-year recognition period. Since 2017, for non-European licenses, applications are centralized in Nantes (CERT) for residents outside Paris, while the Paris Police Prefecture processes applications for Parisians. An online procedure has been opened to simplify the steps, but processing times can still be counted in months.
During processing, the driver remains authorized to drive with their original license or, where applicable, with a secure deposit certificate valid for four months.
Retaking the license in France: written test, road test, and driving school
If exchange is impossible, obtaining a French license goes through the same process as for a first-time learner:
– registration via the ANTS website to obtain a NEPH number,
– preparation and passing of the general theory exam (Road Code),
– practical training at a driving school, with a legal minimum of hours,
– practical exam on the road.
The theory test consists of 40 multiple-choice questions, with a minimum score of 35 correct answers required. The test fee is €30, renewable without limit after a two-day wait in case of failure. Once passed, the theory test remains valid for five years to take the practical exam.
The driving test lasts about thirty minutes: driving in traffic, maneuvers (emergency stop, reversing), questions on the vehicle and road safety. It is also charged €30, with the possibility to retake it as many times as necessary, subject to exam slot availability.
Most candidates use a driving school, notably to have access to a dual-control vehicle. The law imposes a minimum of 20 hours of driving for manual transmissions (13 hours for automatic). Experienced drivers coming from abroad can often get by with a few hours of refresher training to adapt to specific French rules, like priority to the right, signs, and speed limits.
The total cost of training, for a beginner with no experience, often ranges between €1,500 and €2,000, sometimes more.
French license, points, and probationary period
The French license is a credit-card-sized plastic document, pink in color, valid for up to 15 years depending on age and vehicle category. It is issued by the ANTS and recognized in all EU and EEA countries.
It operates on a points system: 12 points for a confirmed driver, but only 6 points during the probationary period. This period lasts three years (reduced with accompanied driving), with an increase of two points per year in the absence of an infraction to reach 12. New holders of a license obtained by exchange, when their foreign license is less than three years old, are also subject to this probationary regime.
Losing all points leads to an administrative cancellation or suspension of the license, which can last up to six months, or even more in serious cases. Partial recovery is possible by taking a road safety awareness course or by avoiding any point deduction for two to three years depending on the severity of the offenses.
In parallel, specific rules apply to new drivers: reduced speed limits (110 km/h on highways instead of 130, 100 km/h on expressways, 80 km/h on other roads), obligation to display an “A” disc at the rear of the vehicle, difficulties renting a car from some agencies in the first few years.
Declaring your income: taxation as a step in integration
Settling permanently in France also means entering the tax system. The notion of tax residence does not always coincide with immigration status: you can become a French tax resident without yet having a long-term residence permit, and vice versa.
Becoming a French tax resident
According to domestic law, a person is considered a French tax resident when they meet at least one of the following criteria:
– they have their home (spouse, dependent children) in France,
– or their principal place of abode is in France (at least 183 days per year),
– or their principal professional activity is in France,
– or the center of their economic interests (investments, main source of income).
International tax treaties then come into play to resolve potential dual residence. A taxpayer resident under French law is taxed in France on their worldwide income. A non‑resident, on the other hand, is only taxable on their French-source income, with specific minimum rates (20% then 30% beyond a certain threshold, except for an option for the average effective rate).
| Tax Status | Income Taxable in France |
|---|---|
| Tax Resident | French-source income + foreign-source income |
| Non‑Resident | Only French-source income (salaries, pensions, rental income, etc.) |
Mixed couples (one spouse resident, the other non‑resident) are subject to specific calculations: the tax authority takes into account the non‑resident spouse’s income to determine the tax rate (effective rate), while only taxing their French-source income when a treaty allows it.
Annual declaration, withholding tax, and audits
The French system is based on an annual income tax return, generally in spring (May-June), electronically for most taxpayers. The Form 2042 serves as the base, supplemented by schedules for foreign income, rental income, capital gains, deductions, and tax credits.
Withholding tax is a monthly installment deducted from salaries, pensions, and other regular income, based on a personalized, neutral, or adjusted rate. The annual income declaration then serves to adjust this withholding, which can result in a refund for the taxpayer or, conversely, the payment of a supplement.
France applies a progressive scale by bracket, with a rate currently ranging from 0% to 45%, to which may be added an exceptional contribution on high incomes and various social contributions (CSG, CRDS) on salaries, investment income, and capital gains.
For new arrivals, the first tax steps are obtaining a SPI number and filing a first declaration. The tax authority can then proceed with adjustments in case of error or omission, with penalties ranging from 10% to 80% of the amount due depending on the severity of the situation (delay, formal notice, or concealed activity).
Coordination with the country of origin
Bilateral tax treaties take precedence over domestic law and normally avoid double taxation. But in countries like the United States, where reporting obligations apply to citizens wherever they live, expatriates must juggle two systems, using tax credits or exemption regimes.
Even without going into that level of detail, a new arrival should inform themselves very early about the tax implications of holding assets abroad, bank accounts, or investments (for example, the real estate wealth tax if real estate assets exceed €1.3 million, even partly abroad for residents).
Coordinating all these steps: a realistic roadmap
Taken separately, each administrative area – immigration, housing, healthcare, banking, driver’s license, taxation – has precise rules, forms, and identified contacts (prefecture, OFII, CPAM, bank, driving school, tax office). The difficulty lies mainly in the sequencing and dependencies between them.
In practice, a relocation project to France is often organized around a chronology close to the following:
1. Before arrival, build a strong visa application on France‑Visas, emphasizing proof of resources, insurance, and housing (even temporary). 2. Upon arrival, validate your VLS‑TS online, open a French bank account, and look for long-term housing with a complete dossier (guarantor or Visale Guarantee if needed). 3. Contact the OFII, respect summons for the medical visit and integration contract, and start French classes if necessary. 4. After three months, submit a file to the CPAM for health insurance, request the Carte Vitale, and take out complementary insurance. 5. Organize the exchange of your driver’s license if possible, or prepare to get a French license through a driving school. 6. Two to four months before your residence permit expires, request its renewal on ANEF, demonstrating a life anchored in France (housing, family, activity, taxation). 7. The following year, file your first French tax return, possibly with professional help, especially in case of foreign income.
This journey requires patience and documentary rigor. But each completed step facilitates the next ones: a multi-year residence card lightens the relationship with prefectures, full affiliation to social security and complementary insurance limits healthcare costs, a French or exchanged license simplifies mobility, good tax integration paves the way for the resident card and then, for those who wish, to citizenship.
Beyond the formalities, these administrative procedures eventually become the foundation of a stabilized daily life in France, where one no longer feels like a mere visitor but as a full-fledged resident, with rights, duties, and a recognized place in the French institutional landscape.
Resident in France
A future retiree aged 62, with a financial portfolio exceeding one million euros well structured in Europe, wanted to settle in France while optimizing his tax burden and diversifying his investments, without completely breaking ties with his country of origin. Allocated budget: 10,000 euros for comprehensive support (tax advice, administrative formalities, relocation and asset structuring), without forced sale of assets.
After analyzing several attractive regimes within and outside the EU, the strategy consisted of targeting France via an optimized scheme (choice of region, tax status, international treaties): consideration of taxation on pensions, the absence of real estate wealth tax below certain thresholds, and the strong network of tax treaties. The mission included: pre-relocation tax audit (potential exit tax, deferral of taxation), obtaining residency with purchase of a primary residence, coordination of health organizations, transfer of banking domicile, plan to limit risks of dual tax residence, connection with a local network (lawyer, accountant, notary) and inheritance planning optimization. This support allows benefiting from the French quality of life while controlling tax and asset risks.
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