Discovering Estonia’s Geography

Published on October 2, 2025 and written by Cyril Jarnias

Estonia, a small Northern European country, boasts a varied and fascinating geography that combines coastal areas, dense forests, and lake landscapes. Let’s explore together the main geographical features of this Baltic gem.

Geographical Location

Estonia is located in Northern Europe, on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea. It is one of the Baltic states, alongside Latvia and Lithuania. Its strategic position gives it a role as a crossroads between Eastern and Northern Europe.

• To the north by the Gulf of Finland
• To the west by the Baltic Sea
• To the south by Latvia
• To the east by Russia

This unique geographical location has strongly influenced Estonia’s history and culture, giving it an identity at the crossroads of Scandinavian, Baltic, and Slavic influences.

Area and Topography

Estonia covers an area of 45,339 km², making it one of the smallest countries in Europe. Despite its modest size, the country offers great landscape diversity.

The Estonian terrain is generally flat, with an average elevation of only 50 meters above sea level. The country’s highest point, Suur Munamägi, rises to 318 meters in the southeast.

• Vast forests covering nearly half the country
• Numerous lakes and rivers
• Marshlands and peat bogs
• A highly indented coastline with many islands

Main Regions and Cities

Estonia is divided into 15 counties (maakond), each with its own cultural and geographical identity. Among the most notable regions are:

Harjumaa: The most populous region, home to the capital Tallinn. Tartumaa: A university and cultural region centered around the city of Tartu. Pärnumaa: A coastal region known for its beach resorts. Ida-Virumaa: An industrial region in the east, marked by a strong Russian-speaking presence.

Main Cities

Tallinn: The capital and largest city, with about 430,000 inhabitants. Estonia’s economic and cultural center, Tallinn is renowned for its medieval Old Town, a UNESCO World Heritage site.

Tartu: The country’s second-largest city, considered Estonia’s intellectual capital. It is home to the country’s oldest university and is an important cultural center.

Narva: Estonia’s third-largest city, located on the border with Russia. It plays a significant role in trade with its Russian neighbor.

Pärnu: The country’s fourth-largest city, nicknamed Estonia’s “summer capital” due to its popular beaches and resort atmosphere.

Hydrography

Water is omnipresent in Estonia, shaping the landscapes and influencing the daily life of its inhabitants.

• Lake Peipus: Europe’s fourth-largest lake, shared with Russia
• Narva River: The country’s main watercourse, marking the border with Russia
• Gulf of Riga: A vast bay of the Baltic Sea, shared with Latvia
• Numerous inland lakes, including Lake Võrtsjärv

This abundance of freshwater resources and access to the Baltic Sea have played a crucial role in Estonia’s economic and cultural development.

Climate

Estonia enjoys a temperate climate, influenced by its proximity to the Baltic Sea. Winters are generally cold and summers mild.

• Average annual temperature: between 4°C and 6°C
• Precipitation distributed throughout the year
• Short but bright summers, with very long days
• Harsh winters, particularly inland

This climate has shaped Estonian culture, particularly through traditions related to the seasons and the importance given to outdoor activities.

Conclusion

Estonia’s geography, though modest in area, offers surprising richness and diversity. From dense forests to indented coasts, peaceful lakes, and historic cities, the country presents a condensed version of Northern European landscapes.

This unique geography has profoundly influenced Estonia’s history, culture, and economy, shaping a country that is both forward-looking and deeply attached to its traditions and natural environment.