Geography of Liechtenstein: A Comprehensive Overview

Published on October 1, 2025 and written by Cyril Jarnias

Liechtenstein, a small landlocked country between Switzerland and Austria, captivates with its topographical diversity and picturesque charm. Despite its limited area of just 160 square kilometers, this Alpine gem harbors numerous natural wonders, from lush valleys to the snow-capped peaks of the Rhaetian Alps.

Traversed by the Rhine River, its natural western border, the country features varied terrain with postcard-worthy landscapes. This unique geography influences not only Liechtenstein’s climate and ecosystem but also its economic infrastructure and cultural ties with its neighbors.

Geographical Location and Neighboring Countries

Liechtenstein is a microstate located in Central Europe, precisely between Switzerland to the west and Austria to the east. It spans an area of 160 km² (some sources mention 160.5 km²), placing it among the world’s smallest countries, comparable in size to Washington D.C.

Borders and Neighboring Countries

Direction	Neighboring Country	Approximate Border Length
West	Switzerland	41 km
East	Austria	34 km

Main Geographical Features

• Precise geographical position: approximate coordinates 47°16′ N, 9°32′ E.
• Terrain: The territory is predominantly mountainous (Eastern Alps), with an alluvial valley occupied by the Rhine in its western part.
• Topography:
  • Approximately the western third of the country corresponds to the Rhine alluvial plain.
  • The remaining two-thirds are dominated by steep Alpine massifs.
  • Highest point: Vorder-Grauspitz (2,599 m).
  • Lowest point: Ruggeller Riet (430 m).
• Main river: The Rhine flows through the country from south to north, marking the natural border with Switzerland along its entire western length.

The capital Vaduz is located in the central western part of the country, near the right bank of the Rhine and thus close to the Swiss border. It occupies a central position within a relatively flat area but is surrounded by the Alpine reliefs that characterize most of Liechtenstein’s territory.

Main Regions of Liechtenstein

Liechtenstein is divided into eleven municipalities, each with its distinct geographical and cultural characteristics. The municipalities are distributed between two main regions: Unterland (Lowlands) and Oberland (Highlands).

Municipality Characteristics

• Vaduz: The capital of Liechtenstein, Vaduz is also an important municipality with a rich history and unique architecture. It is home to Vaduz Castle, a symbol of the principality. Vaduz is located in the Oberland.
• Schaan: This is the largest municipality by population. It is also located in the Oberland and is known for its economic dynamism and proximity to Switzerland.

List of Liechtenstein Municipalities:

• Unterland:
  • Ruggell
  • Schellenberg
  • Gamprin
  • Eschen
  • Mauren
• Oberland:
  • Schaan
  • Planken
  • Vaduz
  • Triesenberg
  • Triesen
  • Balzers

Geographical Features

Liechtenstein is predominantly mountainous, with varied landscapes ranging from valleys to Alpine mountains. The topography is marked by high altitudes, with peaks like Grauspitz, the country’s highest point. The municipalities are often scattered, with some having exclaves or enclaves, making their geographical shape complex.

Cultural and Economic Differences

Liechtenstein’s municipalities share a common culture, but economic differences exist. The Oberland, where Vaduz is located, is more focused on administration and finance, while the Unterland has a more diversified economy. Local festivals and traditions also vary between municipalities.

Demographics

Liechtenstein’s population is approximately 38,000 inhabitants, with uneven distribution among municipalities. Schaan is the most populous, while Planken is the least populous.

Accessibility and Infrastructure

Liechtenstein is well-connected by road and has an efficient public transport network. Municipalities are linked by roads and buses, facilitating access to tourist sites.

Tourist Sites

Each municipality offers unique points of interest:

• Vaduz: Vaduz Castle, national museum.
• Schaan: Parish church, vibrant nightlife.
• Balzers: Gutenberg Castle.
• Triesenberg: Traditional village with typical houses.

These sites, along with the natural beauty of the surrounding mountains, attract many tourists each year.

Tourist Infrastructure

The municipalities have well-developed tourist infrastructure, including hotels, restaurants, and outdoor activities like skiing and hiking.

Main Cities and Largest City

Liechtenstein is a small European country divided into eleven municipalities, each playing a distinct role in the urban landscape. The cities are generally small, with a high concentration of population in a few large municipalities.

General Overview of the Urban Landscape

Liechtenstein’s urban landscape is characterized by green hills and picturesque valleys, with mountains forming a majestic natural backdrop. The cities are often located in valleys or on hillsides, giving them a picturesque appearance that harmonizes with the natural environment.

Main Cities

Vaduz, the Capital

Vaduz is the political and cultural capital of Liechtenstein, with a population of approximately 5,800 inhabitants. It is an important center for tourism, thanks to its museums, art galleries, and government facilities. The city also attracts with its elegant lifestyle and well-maintained urban environment.

Schaan, the Largest Municipality

Schaan is the most populous municipality in Liechtenstein, with approximately 6,100 inhabitants. It plays a crucial economic role as an industrial center and transportation hub. Its proximity to Vaduz makes it particularly attractive to businesses and residents.

Balzers and Eschen

• Balzers is known for its medieval castle and preserved natural environment. It attracts tourists interested in history and nature.
• Eschen is a town located in the northern part of the country and is recognized for its dynamic community life and local cultural events.

Geographical Distribution and Relations Between Cities

Liechtenstein’s cities are closely linked by their geographical proximity and economic interdependence. Here is an overview of their distribution and characteristics:

City	Approximate Population	Characteristics
Vaduz	5,800	Political and cultural capital, tourism
Schaan	6,100	Industrial and economic center, transportation hub
Balzers	4,589	Medieval castle, natural environment
Eschen	5,532	Dynamic community life, cultural events

The relationships between these cities are marked by strong cooperation, both economically and culturally. Together they contribute to the richness and diversity of Liechtenstein’s urban landscape.