Published on and written by Cyril Jarnias
Buying, selling, or leasing property in Trinidad and Tobago may seem straightforward at first glance. In reality, the country has a complex legal framework, largely inherited from English law and supplemented by numerous precise local statutes. Navigating it without some basic knowledge means risking losing money, overpaying taxes… or even ending up as the owner of a property that is impossible to resell or occupy.
Real estate purchase involves understanding land title systems, the transaction process, taxation (stamp duty and property tax), and foreigner rights. One must also consider aspects related to leasing, inheritance, the role of real estate agents, and anti-money laundering obligations. This knowledge enables an informed dialogue with local professionals.
Two Major Coexisting Land Ownership Systems
In Trinidad and Tobago, the first key feature is the coexistence of two land title systems. How a piece of land is “held” determines the procedures, legal security, and even the costs involved.
The “Old Law” or Common Law System
The so-called “Old Law” system is based on English common law, adapted by various local acts such as the Conveyancing and Law of Property Act (Chapter 56:01). Title is not guaranteed by the state here: it is proven by an unbroken chain of registered documents (the deeds).
To demonstrate a good title, the attorney must trace back to what is called a “good root of title”, meaning a valid deed of sale dating back at least twenty years, and then verify all deeds since then. The slightest break in this chain can weaken ownership. Most of the country’s land (approximately 75 to 80%) remains under this system.
Although not strictly mandatory, registering a deed is strongly recommended. An unregistered deed may be declared unenforceable against a subsequent bona fide purchaser. Registered deeds take priority over unregistered deeds and over certain court judgments. Registration is done at the Deeds Registry, under the authority of the Registrar General, for a fee typically around TT$100.
Within this system, one distinguishes notably:
– the Deed of Conveyance for the transfer of an estate in fee simple (freehold);
– the Deed of Assignment for the assignment of a lease (leasehold).
The Registered System under the Real Property Act (Torrens)
The other major system is that of the Real Property Act (Chapter 56:02), inspired by the Torrens model. Here, each parcel of land is represented by a Certificate of Title held at the Land Registry, with the state guaranteeing the registered title. The owner holds a duplicate of this certificate, and all transactions (transfers, mortgages, easements, leases, charges) are noted on this document.
The Torrens land title registration system is based on three key principles. The ‘mirror principle’ states that the certificate of title exactly reflects the true legal situation. The ‘curtain principle’ allows a purchaser to rely on the certificate without needing to investigate the full history of transactions. Finally, the ‘insurance principle’ provides for a compensation fund to indemnify anyone harmed by an error or fraud on the certificate.
Under this system:
– the transfer of a freehold or a leasehold is done via a Memorandum of Transfer;
– no instrument takes effect until it is registered;
– registration is mandatory and quick (typical fee: TT$50);
– the title of the registered owner is in principle “indefeasible”, except in cases of fraud or adverse possession.
For a buyer, land under the Real Property Act therefore generally offers more security and simpler verification than land remaining under the Old Law.
Freehold, Leasehold, Co-ownership, and Strata Titles
In substance, the types of interest remain the same in both systems:
– freehold: perpetual ownership;
– leasehold: right of possession for a fixed term (often 99, 199, or 999 years).
In practice, single-family homes are typically freehold. On the other hand, apartments, new real estate developments, and some housing subdivisions are most often structured under the leasehold (long-term lease) or “strata titles” (horizontal or vertical condominium) regimes.
The Registration (Strata Titles) Act governs the division of a building or land into strata lots with common areas. A strata plan must be prepared by a licensed surveyor, approved by the local authority, and then lodged at the Titles Office. A strata corporation must be created and registered within 90 days, obtain a social security number (NIS) and a tax number (TRN), maintain a visible mailbox on the premises, and pay an annual fee to the Commission of Strata Corporations. The apportionment of maintenance fees (levies) is set according to the “unit of interest” of each lot, as indicated on the plan.
For buyers, this means regular obligations (paying levies, complying with by‑laws) but also a fairly structured framework for managing the condominium.
How a Real Estate Transaction Unfolds
Once the land framework is understood, one must look closer at the mechanics of an acquisition: contract, checks, payment, taxation, and registration.
The Agreement for Sale: The Key Contract
Any contract concerning the sale of a land interest must be in writing and signed by the parties to be valid, in accordance with the Conveyancing and Law of Property Act. The “Agreement for Sale” (or Sale Agreement) thus formalizes the agreement between seller and purchaser.
In practice, this contract :
– clearly identifies the parties;
– describes the property (cadastral reference, area, type of title: deed or certificate of title);
– sets the price and payment terms;
– provides for a deposit, traditionally 10% of the price, paid upon signing;
– establishes a completion period, very often 90 days, intended to allow for title searches and obtaining financing.
The security deposit is typically held in escrow by the attorney or real estate agent. It is refunded to the buyer if the sale fails through no fault of their own, for example due to a defective title, a bank loan refusal, or denial of a license for a foreign investor. Conversely, if the purchaser withdraws without a contractually stipulated reason, the seller may demand forfeiture of the deposit.
For foreign investors requiring a license, it is highly recommended to specify that the sale is “subject to obtaining a foreign investment license”; this condition protects the buyer if the authorization is delayed or denied.
Title Verification and Due Diligence
During the 90-day period, the buyer’s attorney conducts the essential work. The checks focus notably on:
– The Ownership of the Property Under Old Law, they reconstruct the ownership history for at least twenty years from a good root of title, ensuring the validity of successive deeds and the absence of any break in the chain. Under the Real Property Act, they examine the Certificate of Title and the endorsements on it (mortgages, easements, leases, notices of dispute, etc.).
Before a property purchase, searches for mortgages, liens, judgments, or charges are conducted at the Land Registry and the Deeds Registry. Judgment searches may also be carried out over a twelve-year period, concerning the seller and former owners.
– Physical and Planning Compliance Verification of the survey plan, ideally updated by a surveyor. Checks for approvals from the Town and Country Planning Division and local authorities for existing or planned constructions.
– Tax and Utility Status Settlement of property taxes (land/building tax, property tax), water and electricity bills, and obtaining a WASA Clearance Certificate confirming no outstanding water arrears.
The gathered information is summarized in an abstract of title (under Old Law) or a complete examination of the certificate (under RPA). A thorough due diligence file, even if it takes two to three weeks, greatly limits the risk of future disputes.
Final Signing, Stamp Duty, and Registration
Once conditions are satisfied, the final instrument is prepared:
– under Old Law: Deed of Conveyance (freehold) or Deed of Assignment (leasehold);
– under Real Property Act: Memorandum of Transfer (for freehold or leasehold).
Before its registration, the instrument must have the fiscal registration duties (Stamp Duty) paid to the Board of Inland Revenue. Once these duties are paid, the deed is embossed and then lodged at the Land Registry for its final registration.
Some figures to gauge typical amounts:
| Type of System | Registration Requirement | Registration Fee (indicative) |
|---|---|---|
| Old Law (deeds) | Optional but crucial | ≈ TT$100 |
| Real Property Act (RPA) | Mandatory | ≈ TT$50 |
Registration is more than a formality: under Old Law, an unregistered deed may be declared void against a subsequent bona fide purchaser who registers their own deed. Under RPA, the absence of registration simply prevents the transfer from taking effect.
After registration, the purchaser must file a “Return of Ownership” form with the Warden’s Office or the District Revenue Office to update the tax registers and the basis for calculating property tax.
Stamp Duty: The Tax Cost of Transfer
The Stamp Duty Act (Chapter 76:01) provides for a series of stamp duties on various instruments (conveyances, mortgages, leases, share transfers, powers of attorney, etc.). For a real estate project, two aspects are critical: stamp duty on the sale of the property and on the mortgage.
Stamp Duty on Purchase of a Residential Property
For a residential property with a house, the basic structure is based on value bands. Simplified:
| Value of Residential Property (house + land) | Applicable Stamp Duty Rate* |
|---|---|
| Up to TT$850,000 | 0% (exemption) |
| TT$850,001 to TT$1,250,000 | 3% on this TT$400,000 band |
| TT$1,250,001 to TT$1,750,000 | 5% on this TT$500,000 band |
| Above TT$1,750,000 | 7.5% on the remainder |
Abbreviated calculation methods exist for properties above TT$1,750,000 (e.g., 7.5% of total value minus a fixed deduction).
Full exemption threshold for a first-time home purchase in Trinidad and Tobago, in TT dollars, subject to conditions.
Stamp Duty on Vacant Land and Non-Residential Properties
The treatment of residential land without construction (building lots) follows a different scale:
| Value of Vacant Residential Land | Stamp Duty Rate |
|---|---|
| Up to TT$450,000 | 0% (exemption) |
| TT$450,001 to TT$650,000 | 2% on this TT$200,000 band |
| TT$650,001 to TT$850,000 | 5% on this TT$200,000 band |
| Above TT$850,000 | 7.5% on the remainder |
For sales of non-residential properties (commercial, industrial, agricultural), no exempt band is provided:
| Value of Non-Residential Property | Stamp Duty Rate |
|---|---|
| Up to TT$300,000 | 2% |
| TT$300,001 to TT$400,000 | 5% (on the TT$100,000 in this band) |
| Above TT$400,000 | 7% on the entire price |
These duties are paid once and for all at the time of transfer, when lodging the deed.
Mortgages, Leases, and Other Instruments
On residential mortgage deeds, the regime is lighter. Up to a certain property value threshold (e.g., TT$315,000 or TT$450,000 depending on the legislation and period), the mortgage deed may be exempt. Above that, the duty is in principle TT$0.50 for every TT$250 (or fraction) of the secured amount.
Leases of one year or more are subject to a proportional stamp duty, typically TT$5 for each TT$250 of rent. Furthermore, leases with a term exceeding three years must be executed by a notarized deed and registered to be fully enforceable against third parties.
Transfers of shares in real estate holding companies are also taxed, with special rules (minimum rate or percentage of share value, depending on whether the company is publicly listed or not).
Property Tax: The Annual Tax on Property
Alongside the one-off stamp duty, the Property Tax is an annual tax on holding land property, governed by the Property Tax Act (Chapter 76:04) and the Valuation of Land Act. This tax replaced previous scattered systems (Lands and Buildings Taxes Act, part of the Municipal Corporations Act, etc.).
How Property Tax is Calculated
The mechanism is based on two values:
– the Annual Rental Value (ARV), i.e., the theoretical annual rent the property could command on a normal market, determined by the Commissioner of Valuations;
– the Annual Taxable Value (ATV), which is the ARV reduced by certain deductions, notably a standard allowance for vacancy periods or loss of rent (generally 10% of the ARV).
The tax is then calculated by applying a rate by property category to the ATV. Indicatively:
| Property Type | Property Tax Rate Applied to ATV |
|---|---|
| Agricultural Property | 1% |
| Residential Property | 2% (after last reform) |
| Commercial Property | 5% |
| Industrial Property (factory building) | 6% |
| Machinery/equipment not housed | 3% |
Example: for a house with an ARV set at TT$24,000, the deduction of 10% (TT$2,400) gives an ATV of TT$21,600. The 2% rate leads to an annual property tax of TT$432.
Declarations, Notices, and Objections
The Board of Inland Revenue prepares an Assessment Roll from the Valuation Roll, then sends each property owner an assessment notice detailing:
Essential details regarding your assessment notice, including key items to verify and related procedures.
Contains the unique land identification number, essential for any administrative reference.
Shows the ARV, ATV, and the total tax amount due.
Indicates the payment deadline and details any penalties for late payment.
Explains the steps to follow to object to the assessment or file a claim.
The owner contesting the value or calculation has in principle a period of 21 days after the due date to file a written objection. Possible grounds include an incorrect ARV, misclassification of the land, a material error, etc. Depending on whether the dispute concerns value or classification, the matter may be referred to the Commissioner of Valuations or handled directly by the Board.
In the absence of a decision within specified timeframes (e.g., twelve months for the Board, nine months for the Commissioner), the owner may appeal to the Tax Appeal Board. If the value is reduced following these steps, overpaid taxes must be refunded, with interest if the refund is delayed.
Late Payments, Penalties, and Relief
If the property tax is not paid on time, a penalty system is triggered:
– a 10% penalty on the unpaid amount after a certain date (e.g., mid‑September);
– annual interest of 15% on the increased amount, accruing until payment.
Prolonged delay can lead to more severe measures: distress (seizure of goods) at the owner’s or even tenant’s premises, registration of the debt as a charge on the land and, ultimately, seizure or forfeiture proceedings.
The legislature has nevertheless provided relief mechanisms for owners in significant hardship. An elderly, disabled, or needy owner receiving public assistance (senior’s pension, social benefits) and with a modest income can apply for a temporary deferral of the tax. The debt is then suspended for a period (e.g., two years), but becomes payable upon death, unless the President grants a total or partial exemption to prevent extreme hardship for the estate.
Foreign Investors: Licenses, Acreage Limits, and Specific Rules
Trinidad and Tobago welcomes foreign capital but strictly regulates land acquisition by non‑citizens through the Foreign Investment Act of 1990. This act replaced the older, more rigid Aliens (Landholding) Act.
Acreage Thresholds and License Requirement
In the absence of specific restrictions, a foreigner can, in principle, acquire:
– up to 1 acre for residential use;
– up to 5 acres for commercial or business use.
Beyond these limits, obtaining a license is mandatory. This requirement also becomes imperative if the Minister of Finance issues a notice targeting a specific zone or sector.
The case of Tobago is entirely separate: a regulatory notice (Legal Notice No. 53 of 2007) established a general rule that any foreigner wishing to acquire land in Tobago – regardless of size – must obtain a prior license. This applies to purchases as well as inheritances, with limited timeframes to regularize the situation or resell.
License Application Procedure
Applications are submitted either:
– to the Ministry of Finance in Port of Spain (for Trinidad);
– or to the Chief Administrator of the Tobago House of Assembly (for Tobago).
The typical application includes: the required documents for processing the application.
List of essential supporting documents required to submit a complete application file.
Form to download from the ministry’s website, to be completed and signed.
Certified copy of passport or another official ID.
Outline Approval (conditional planning permission) required for any construction project.
Financial statements, bank references, and accounting documents.
Detailed document for commercial projects: activity, investment, local employment, foreign exchange impact.
Company registration extract (Certificate of Incorporation) and police certificates of good character.
Once complete, the file is in principle processed within about twenty working days for technical decisions. In practice, overall obtaining an “Alien Landholding Licence” can take several months (often four to six months).
The license is issued in the name of the person (individual or corporate), not the property. It is therefore non‑transferable: a new foreign buyer must seek their own authorization.
Usage Conditions and Sanctions
Licenses come with strict conditions. For a residential plot, for example:
– exclusively residential use;
– only one dwelling may be built;
– prohibition on subdividing the land;
– obligation to complete construction within a timeframe (e.g., 36 months), with a possibility for a limited extension.
For hotel projects or tourist complexes, the stipulated implementation periods are longer, generally extending to 60 months. An extension of up to three additional years may possibly be granted.
In case of non‑compliance with conditions (unauthorized use, non‑completion of works), the license can be revoked outright. The law even provides for the possibility of the state having land held without the required license confiscated.
Knowingly transferring land to a foreigner without the necessary license is itself a criminal offense, punishable by a fine of up to TT$100,000.
Other Specifics for Foreigners
For foreign investments, a few additional elements deserve attention:
– the purchase price must normally be paid in freely convertible currency through an approved intermediary (local bank), unless the buyer is a Trinidadian company financing from its reserves or profits;
– ownership of real estate does not in itself confer any right to permanent residence or a work permit; residency, citizenship, and employment authorizations follow other legal regimes (Immigration Act);
– a foreigner can create a company and be a shareholder, but cannot operate it personally without a work permit, having to appoint a citizen or permanent resident for operational management.
Leasing and Landlord‑Tenant Relations: Rights, Obligations, and Protection
Leasing law in Trinidad and Tobago relies on both common law contract principles, the old Landlord and Tenant Ordinance, and various more specific acts (Rent Restriction Acts, Land Tenants (Security of Tenure) Act, etc.). Together they form a complex body, sometimes partially inoperative or not revised, which explains the frequency of disputes.
Types of Leases and Organizing the Relationship
The most common forms are: the most common forms.
– the fixed‑term lease (six months, one year, etc.);
– the periodic tenancy (monthly, yearly, automatically renewed).
An oral lease is in principle valid but difficult to prove in case of conflict. A detailed written agreement is therefore strongly recommended, including at a minimum the identity of the parties, duration, amount and date of rent payment, security deposits, repair responsibilities, rent review, renewal, and termination terms.
Certain obligations, such as the duty to provide a habitable dwelling or the right to quiet enjoyment, apply automatically by law, even if not explicitly stated in the lease agreement. Furthermore, at the end of a fixed-term lease, if the tenant remains in possession and the landlord continues to accept rent, the agreement may automatically convert to a periodic tenancy (typically monthly), which changes the applicable rules for giving notice to terminate.
Landlord Rights and Obligations
The landlord has, among others:
– the right to receive rent on the agreed date;
– the right to terminate the lease with adequate written notice: often one month for a monthly tenancy, six months for a yearly tenancy;
– the right to inspect the property for inspections or repairs, upon reasonable notice (24–48 hours), except in emergencies;
– the right to reasonably refuse sub‑letting or assignments not provided for in the contract.
Their obligations are numerous:
– to deliver a dwelling meeting minimum standards of hygiene and safety (water, sanitation, ventilation);
– to maintain the structure (walls, roof, gutters, pipes), basic installations (water, gas, electricity, sanitation), and provided fixtures;
– to guarantee quiet enjoyment, i.e., to refrain from excessively disturbing the tenant’s occupation;
– to return the security deposit at lease end, less any unpaid rent and damages beyond normal wear and tear;
– to systematically provide a rent receipt within seven days, under penalty of a fine.
Tenant Rights and Obligations
The tenant, on their side:
The tenant has several key obligations: they have a right to exclusive possession of the dwelling (unless clauses state otherwise), must pay rent in full and on time, keep the premises in good condition (excluding normal wear and tear), and avoid any nuisance to the neighborhood (noise, damage, traffic, etc.). They must also inform the landlord of necessary repairs, allow access for works, and respect specific lease clauses (no smoking, number of occupants, etc.).
In case of serious default by the landlord (dwelling becoming unfit for habitation, prolonged absence of water or electricity attributable to the owner), the law sometimes recognizes “constructive eviction”, i.e., the possibility for the tenant to vacate and seek damages.
Rent Control and Security of Tenure
A portion of the rental stock, notably modest housing below certain rent thresholds (e.g., TT$1,000/month for furnished, TT$1,500 for unfurnished, under old statutes), has been or is still theoretically subject to rent control regimes. Rent Assessment Boards are meant to review and adjust rents deemed excessive.
Although some legal mechanisms are now seldom operational, the Land Tenants Act confers substantial rights on occupants of chattel houses. These rights include conversion of the tenancy to a statutory lease of 30 years renewable, a right to purchase the land at a capped price (a percentage of the vacant land value), and a restriction on resale to the state for the first years after acquisition.
For issues of this type – rent controls, specific rights of certain occupants – the assistance of a specialized attorney is practically essential.
Eviction Procedure
A crucial point: the landlord cannot take the law into their own hands. Cutting off water or electricity, changing locks, putting furniture on the street without a court order constitute illegal evictions, subject to prosecution.
The regular procedure includes: the evidence‑gathering phase, the hearing phase, the judgment phase, and the appeal phase.
– serving a written notice (Notice to Quit) respecting legal timeframes;
– in the absence of voluntary departure, an application to obtain a possession order from the Magistrates’ Court;
– execution of the order by an authorized court officer.
Statistics mentioned in some reports show that an eviction procedure for non‑payment of rent can take several months, even over six months from filing to execution, which encourages landlords to carefully select tenants and prioritize solid written contracts.
Transactions, Inheritance, and Succession: What You Need to Know for Property Transfer
Real estate in Trinidad and Tobago is subject to succession rules. Several acts govern the devolution of property upon death: Succession Act, Administration of Estates Act, Wills and Probate Act, Distribution of Estates Act, etc.
With or Without a Will
If the deceased left a valid will (testate succession), it must meet formal conditions: be in writing, signed at the end by a testator of sound mind and of full age, in the simultaneous presence of two witnesses who also sign. Witnesses should not be beneficiaries, lest their legacy be voided. The will is then presented to the Probate Registry to obtain a grant of probate, authorizing the appointed executor to administer the estate (pay debts, transfer assets, etc.).
In the absence of a will, the law determines the order of heirs: spouse, children, parents, siblings, then more distant relatives. If no heir is found, the state takes the estate. The shares allocated, especially those reserved for the spouse, can vary based on the total value of the estate.
Real estate is treated like any other estate asset: the executor (or administrator) has the power to transfer the property by Deed of Assent, subject to registration and payment of the corresponding fixed fees (e.g., TT$25 for registering an assent).
There is no specific tax on inheritances or successions, as previous duties were abolished. However, wealth transfers may incur other costs, such as fees or stamp duty on certain notarized documents.
Forms of Ownership and Effect on Succession
The way the property was held strongly influences its fate upon death:
– sole ownership: the property becomes part of the estate, transferred via the will or according to intestacy rules;
– joint tenancy: the deceased’s share does not pass through the estate but is automatically transferred to the surviving co‑owners by “right of survivorship”;
– tenancy in common: each share is independent and follows the succession rules specific to that co‑owner.
It is therefore common to use joint tenancy to simplify transfer between spouses, while being aware that this may have consequences on the ability to bequeath one’s share to others.
Real Estate Agents, Anti‑Money Laundering, and Professionalization of the Sector
Historically, the profession of real estate agent in Trinidad and Tobago was lightly regulated: no license or training requirement, which demanded high vigilance from the public. This situation is evolving.
The Real Estate Agents Act 2020: A Turning Point
A dedicated law, the Real Estate Agents Act 2020 (Act 12 of 2020), was passed with the aim of establishing:
– a registration and licensing system for agents (sales associates) and brokers;
– a mandatory professional association (Association of Real Estate Agents of Trinidad and Tobago);
– enhanced ethical regulation, with a code of ethics and a disciplinary committee;
– support for combating money laundering and terrorist financing.
Even if its full commencement depends on a presidential proclamation, the act already stipulates strict conditions: good character, recognized training, professional liability insurance, record‑keeping for at least six years, obligation to display the license, and criminal penalties for practicing without registration.
Anti‑Money Laundering Obligations for Real Estate Professionals
Independently of this act, real estate activities are already subject to anti‑money laundering regulation via the Proceeds of Crime Act, the Financial Intelligence Unit of Trinidad and Tobago Act, the Financial Obligations Regulations 2010, and the Anti‑Terrorism Act.
Concretely, any person or entity carrying out real estate activity commercially must:
Covered entities in Trinidad and Tobago must register with the FIUTT within 3 months of commencing activity, appoint an approved Compliance Officer, and implement a written compliance program. They are required to train their staff, apply enhanced customer due diligence (identification, verification, understanding the transaction, ongoing monitoring), report any suspicious activity to the FIUTT within 14 days, and systematically check their clients against national and international (UN) sanctions lists.
These obligations apply in practice to agencies, brokers, and attorneys involved in the transaction, which explains the amount of documentation required from buyers (identification, proof of address, proof of source of funds, etc.).
The real estate market of Trinidad and Tobago is attractive, both for residents and foreign investors, whether for primary residences, rentals, tourism projects, or investment holdings. But operating in it requires mastering or, at a minimum, taking into account several levels of rules:
Real estate practice in Trinidad and Tobago is characterized by several essential elements: the duality of land systems (Old Law vs. Real Property Act) affects title security. A transaction follows mandatory steps: Agreement for Sale, meticulous title searches, stamp duty payment, and registration. Taxation includes a one-time tax (stamp duty) and an annual tax (property tax), with exemptions, variable rates by property category, penalties for delay, and possibilities for objection. Specific regimes apply to foreigners, especially in Tobago, via strict‑condition investment licenses. The rights and obligations of landlords and tenants evolve in a context of significant tenancy disputes. Succession rules and holding methods (sole ownership, joint tenancy, tenancy in common) have a crucial impact on property transfer. Finally, the regulation of the real estate profession and anti‑money laundering obligations are strengthening.
For an individual as for an investor, the practical conclusion is constant: engaging early with a conveyancing‑specialized attorney, an experienced agent, and a tax advisor often saves far more than the cost of these services. In Trinidad and Tobago, a property’s value lies not only in its square footage and view… but equally in the strength of the title and compliance with a particularly structured legal framework.
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Cyril Jarnias is an independent expert in international wealth management with over 20 years of experience. As an expatriate himself, he is dedicated to helping individuals and business leaders build, protect, and pass on their wealth with complete peace of mind.
On his website, cyriljarnias.com, he shares his expertise on international real estate, offshore company formation, and expatriation.
Thanks to his expertise, he offers sound advice to optimize his clients' wealth management. Cyril Jarnias is also recognized for his appearances in many prestigious media outlets such as BFM Business, les Français de l’étranger, Le Figaro, Les Echos, and Mieux vivre votre argent, where he shares his knowledge and know-how in wealth management.
