Published on and written by Cyril Jarnias
Opening a company in Madeira is attracting more and more European and international entrepreneurs. The Portuguese framework, the advantageous tax system of the autonomous region, and the existence of the Madeira International Business Centre (MIBC / IBC) make it a highly competitive destination. But behind this attractiveness, company creation remains a technically demanding legal process, with numerous formalities to comply with, different authorities to approach, and strict deadlines to meet.
This article details the key steps, from choosing the legal form to post-registration obligations, based on Madeira’s regulatory and practical data. It explains in an understandable way who is involved, with what documents, and within what timeframes, without overwhelming the reader with acronyms.
Choosing the Legal Form of Your Company in Madeira
Before filling out any form, the first real decision is to choose the appropriate legal structure. This choice influences everything else: minimum capital, governance, costs, accounting and audit obligations, access to the IBC regime.
The Most Commonly Used Forms
For the vast majority of SMEs, startups, and service structures, the Sociedade por Quotas (Lda), the Portuguese equivalent of the LLC, is the preferred form. It offers limited liability and remains flexible in its organization.
Two main types of commercial companies dominate the landscape:
| Form | Portuguese Name | Key Features | Indicated Minimum Capital |
|---|---|---|---|
| Limited Liability Company | Sociedade por Quotas (Lda) / Unipessoal Lda | Often chosen by SMEs and non‑residents; 1 or more partners; managed by one or more managers | From €1 declared (usual thresholds of €2,000 to €5,000; legal reserve min. €2,500) |
| Joint-Stock Company | Sociedade Anónima (S.A.) | Intended for larger-scale or regulated projects; heavier governance; board of directors | €50,000 (30% to be paid before registration) |
Alongside these two main forms, Portuguese law and Madeira’s framework allow other structures:
– Unipessoal Lda: a variant of Lda with a single partner.
– SGPS (pure holding company): a company whose sole purpose is to hold and manage shareholdings, which may take the form of an Lda or S.A.
– Branch of a foreign company: no minimum own capital, but mandatory registration beyond one year of activity.
– EIRL (Estabelecimento Individual de Responsabilidade Limitada): individual entrepreneur with limited liability, where only the part of assets allocated to the activity is committed.
– Company under the MIBC or the Santa Maria Industrial Free Zone, subject to a specific license and special tax regime.
Outside the scope of standard commercial companies, there are other forms of carrying out an economic activity. The status of sole proprietor allows operating a business in one’s own name, without creating a separate legal entity. Similarly, the status of liberal professional concerns intellectual, technical, or care activities, generally regulated, carried out independently. These two statuses constitute alternatives to creating a commercial company.
The rules of liability and organization must be integrated from the start.
In an Lda:
– the liability of partners is in principle limited to their contributions;
– the law requires at least one manager, but not necessarily a board of directors;
– the company may be formed with a single partner (Unipessoal Lda) or several;
– capital can theoretically be very low (€1 per share), even if in practice a minimum of €100 or a few thousand euros is recommended for banking and commercial credibility.
In an S.A.:
– liability is also limited to the amount of subscribed shares;
– management is entrusted to a board of directors when capital exceeds €200,000, otherwise a single director suffices;
– a reserve fund of 20% of authorized capital must be constituted;
– audit obligations are stricter.
Whether for an Lda or an S.A., a few principles are common:
Shareholders and directors of a Portuguese company, including in Madeira, can be of any nationality and are not subject to a local residency requirement. They can be individuals or legal entities. A corporate director must designate a physical representative. All parties involved (partners, managers, directors, company) must necessarily have a Portuguese tax identification number (NIF/NIPC). The names of directors and, for Ldas, partners, are public. A central register of beneficial owners is also maintained, in accordance with European regulations.
One of the attractions of companies in Madeira is the low minimum capital, especially for Ldas. Legally, it can be declared from €1 per participant, but several sources recommend a threshold of at least €100 – and, in practice, much more for a serious project.
For Ldas:
– some references indicate minimums of €2,000 or €5,000;
– a legal reserve must be funded with 5% of annual profit until it reaches at least 20% of share capital, with a floor of about €2,500.
For S.A.s:
– capital must be at least €50,000;
– 30% of this amount must be paid up before registration;
– the company must also constitute a legal reserve of 20% of authorized capital, funded through 5% of annual profits.
In all cases, the capital must be fully paid up before the close of the first financial year.
Understanding the Tax Framework and the Role of the MIBC
Creating a company in Madeira is not limited to choosing a legal form: you also need to decide whether to apply – or not – for a license under the Madeira International Business Centre (MIBC / IBC), sometimes called the Madeira Free Zone. This choice structures the company’s taxation and the requirements regarding jobs and investments.
Tax Rates Outside the MIBC
Companies established in Madeira but outside the MIBC regime are subject to Corporate Income Tax (IRC) at the regional rate:
| Zone | Standard IRC Rate | SME Particularity |
|---|---|---|
| Portuguese mainland | Around 20% (according to sources 19–21%) | Possible reductions on the first tranche of profits |
| Madeira (outside MIBC) | Around 14–14.7% | Reduced rate of 11.2% on the first €50,000 of profit for SMEs |
To this can be added VAT (with a standard rate of 22% in Madeira, and reduced rates of 5% and an intermediate rate of 12%), stamp duty, municipal property tax (IMI), etc.
The MIBC Regime: A Portuguese Law Zone with Special Taxation
The MIBC/IBC, also called the Madeira Free Zone, is a special economic zone recognized by the European Union as a regional aid scheme. It is not an offshore territory in the classic sense, but a specific tax regime within Portuguese law, strictly regulated and compliant with OECD and EU standards on anti-money laundering and transparency.
Duly licensed companies can benefit from:
– a reduced IRC rate of 5% on qualified profits (mainly income from international activities with non‑residents or with other MIBC entities);
– exemptions from withholding tax on dividends, interest, royalties, and certain services paid to non-resident beneficiaries located outside Portuguese “blacklist” jurisdictions;
– partial exemptions (often 80%) from stamp duty, municipal property tax (IMI), real estate transfer tax, local surtaxes.
These advantages are governed by caps on profits taxable at the 5% rate, varying according to the company’s workforce. For example, an MIBC company:
| Number of Employees | Annual Cap on Profits Taxable at 5% |
|---|---|
| 1 to 2 | €2,730,000 |
| 3 to 5 | €3,550,000 |
| 6 to 30 | €21,870,000 |
| 31 to 50 | €35,540,000 |
| 51 to 100 | €54,680,000 |
| More than 100 | €205,500,000 |
Beyond these caps, profits are taxed at the normal Madeira rate.
Eligibility Conditions for the MIBC Regime
Access to the reduced 5% rate is neither automatic nor unconditional. To benefit from the regime, a company must:
To establish itself in Madeira, a company must obtain a license from the regional government through SDM, carry out eligible activities (international services, trade, logistics, industry in the free zone, or maritime activities), and maintain a real registered office on the island with tangible economic presence.
In practice, two main substance pathways are provided:
1. Create between 1 and 5 full-time jobs (tax residents of Madeira) within the first six months and invest at least €75,000 in tangible or intangible assets within the first two years; 2. Or, failing investment, create at least 6 jobs within the first six months, which dispenses with the initial investment obligation.
Failure to meet these conditions may lead to loss of the benefit of the 5% rate.
Admission Timeline and Duration of Benefits
The texts converge on a timeline: applications for new MIBC licenses can be submitted until the end of 2026, with tax advantages guaranteed until the end of 2028 for companies licensed in time. Some sources mention a possible extension beyond this date, but in any case, the entrepreneur must reason taking into account the horizon currently approved by the European Union.
The Main Administrative Steps to Create a Company in Madeira
Once the legal form is defined and the positioning regarding the MIBC is clarified, company creation follows a relatively standardized sequence of procedures, even if practice varies slightly depending on the intermediaries and the complexity of the file.
For simplicity, the procedures can be grouped into nine blocks:
1. Obtaining the NIF of founders and directors. 2. Reserving the company name. 3. Drafting the articles of association and preparing the deed of incorporation. 4. Incorporation before a notary or by private deed. 5. Commercial registration and official publication. 6. Declaration of start of activity with the tax authorities. 7. Social security registration (if hiring). 8. MIBC license application (optional, if desired). 9. Opening a professional bank account and starting operations.
1. Obtain a Portuguese NIF
All persons involved – founders, directors, managers – as well as the company itself must have a Portuguese tax identification number (NIF). For non-resident individuals:
– you need to present a valid ID (passport or ID card), a recent proof of address (utility bill, bank statement less than three months old, etc.);
– as a general rule, a tax representative resident in Portugal is required for non-residents outside the EU/EEA or for those who have not activated electronic notification with the tax authorities;
– the absence of a tax representative when it is mandatory constitutes a tax offense, punishable by penalties.
The NIF can be obtained in person or remotely by power of attorney through a local firm.
The company will be assigned a specific tax number, the NIPC, upon its registration with the commercial register.
2. Reserve and Approve the Company Name
The second step is to have the corporate name validated by the Registo Nacional de Pessoas Coletivas (RNPC), the national register of legal entities.
A few rules structure this process:
– the name must be unique at the national level and not create confusion with an existing company;
– it must include the abbreviation of the legal form, e.g., “Lda” or “S.A.”;
– certain terms (bank, insurance, university, etc.) require special authorization to be used in the name.
The application for a name reservation certificate can be filed online on the RNPC website or through a representative. It is often recommended to propose several name options to avoid rejection.
Once issued, the name certificate:
– is valid for 180 days for registration purposes;
– remains valid one year after the company’s incorporation for any subsequent procedures.
In parallel, the RNPC issues a provisional identification card for the company, which will be attached to subsequent files.
3. Draft the Articles of Association and the Deed of Incorporation
Based on the chosen legal form and the partners’ plans, the articles of association (Estatutos da Sociedade) and the deed of incorporation (act of incorporation) are drafted, which must be signed by all founders or their representatives.
These documents must specify, at a minimum:
– the corporate name;
– the registered office address in Madeira (mandatory; a PO Box is expressly prohibited);
– the corporate purpose, written in Portuguese, describing the planned activities with sufficient precision (the company cannot carry out activities not mentioned);
– the amount of share capital, distribution among partners, terms of payment;
– the management structure (manager(s) for an Lda, director(s) and, if applicable, board of directors for an S.A.);
– the rules for profit distribution and reserve constitution;
– the rules for general meetings (quorum, majority, etc.).
Depending on the sector (banking, insurance, fund management, health activities, tourism, gaming), additional licenses will be required by the competent authorities (Bank of Portugal, CMVM, Turismo de Portugal, ERS, SRIJ…).
4. Execute the Deed of Incorporation and Fund the Capital
Incorporation can be done:
– by public deed before a notary, notably through the Private Deeds Registry Office used for MIBC companies;
– or by private deed drafted by a lawyer, according to a scheme provided for by Portuguese legislation.
Companies benefiting from the MIBC regime are exempt from notary fees and duties for their incorporation when using the special register (Private Deeds Registry Office).
For the notarial deed, you must submit: a certain number of documents.
– the name certificate and the provisional identification card;
– copies of ID documents of founders and directors/managers;
– a report from a certified accountant in case of in-kind contributions;
– if applicable, the authorization from the Regional Secretariat of Finance for MIBC companies.
In parallel, a professional bank account must be opened (see below) to deposit the capital. For an S.A., at least 30% of the €50,000 must be paid before registration; for an Lda, the timeline is more flexible, but the capital must be fully paid up before the end of the first financial year.
5. Registration with the Commercial Register and Official Publication
Once the deed of incorporation is signed, the company must be registered with the Conservatória do Registo Comercial in Madeira. This registration is constitutive: without it, the company has no recognized legal personality.
Documents generally required include:
– the deed of incorporation (public or private);
– the name certificate;
– the declaration of start of activity (or its acknowledgment of receipt) if already prepared.
Deadline in days to file all documents after signing the commercial registration deed in Portugal.
In parallel, the company’s incorporation must be published in the JORAM, the Official Journal of the Autonomous Region of Madeira. A publication in a local newspaper may be added for informational purposes.
6. Declare the Start of Activity with the Tax Authorities
Once registered, the company must report its start of activity to the Autoridade Tributária e Aduaneira (AT), the Portuguese tax authority.
This declaration (start of activity) must be filed:
– either before the actual start of operations;
– or, according to versions, within 15 days after commercial registration, or at the latest within 90 days following the issuance of the provisional RNPC card.
The file generally includes:
– a specific form (in three copies in some schemes);
– the provisional identification card of the company;
– a copy of the deed of incorporation;
– copies of the tax cards (NIF) of partners, directors, and the official accountant.
It is at the time of this declaration that the company:
– chooses its VAT regime (monthly or quarterly, exempt or not, depending on projected turnover and type of activity);
– confirms or adjusts the economic activity code (CAE / NACE);
– provides an estimate of turnover and expected headcount.
The company is then enrolled for IRC (corporate income tax) and obtains a VAT number valid for national and intra-EU transactions.
7. Register with Social Security
If the company plans to employ staff, including its paid directors, it must declare itself as an employer with the regional social security center (Segurança Social).
This step must occur:
– within 30 days from the start of activity;
– or, in some schemes, within 10 working days following tax registration.
Documents frequently required include:
– the company’s tax identification card;
– a copy of the deed of incorporation and the commercial registration certificate;
– the minutes of appointment of board members or the manager;
– copies of the tax cards of directors/managers;
– proof of the declaration of start of activity.
Social security then assigns a registration number (NISS) to the company. Employees and directors under the general regime must be declared individually, with deduction of employee contributions and payment of employer charges. Commonly cited reference rates are around 11% for the employee share and 23.75% for the employer share, applied to gross salary.
8. Apply for the MIBC License (if applicable)
For companies wishing to enter the preferential tax regime of the Madeira Free Zone, an additional step is mandatory: applying for an IBC/MIBC license with the Sociedade de Desenvolvimento da Madeira (SDM).
A few characteristics of this procedure:
– the application must be written in Portuguese, in duplicate, and addressed to a competent member of the regional government of Madeira;
– it can be filed on behalf of an already existing company (Portuguese or foreign), a branch, or a company being incorporated;
– to be admissible, it must detail:
– the approved name and address of the company;
– the nature of the planned activity, with the corresponding NACE/CAE code;
– the total amount of planned investment;
– the number of jobs to be created, consistent with the substance requirements.
– all supporting documents must be translated into Portuguese and legalized, most often by apostille under the Hague Convention.
Fees are structured as follows:
| Type of IBC Entity | Application Fee | Base Annual Fee | Particularities |
|---|---|---|---|
| Service Company | €1,000 | €1,800 | Guarantee of 15% of the annual fee in some schemes |
| SGPS Holding Company | €1,000 | €1,800 in the 1st year, then €1,800 + 0.5% of annual profit over the first million, capped at €30,000 | Additional exemptions on dividends and capital gains depending on the holding |
The license is granted once proof of the incorporation and registration of the company is provided. The announced processing time can be about one week for the license decision alone, provided the file is complete.
It is imperative to actually start the activity within six months following the issuance of the license for service companies, and within one year for industrial or maritime entities, otherwise the license may be cancelled.
9. Open a Professional Bank Account
Finally, to operate normally, the company must have a bank account dedicated to its activity. This is not only a practical requirement but also a regulatory one: the texts require that all company transactions – capital contributions, partner loans, customer/supplier payments – go through clearly identified bank accounts.
Portuguese banks, in Madeira as on the mainland, apply strict KYC/AML procedures, aligned with European directives. They examine:
– the projected economic activity, countries of operation, expected transaction volume;
– the ownership structure (beneficial owners);
– the origin of invested funds;
– economic links with Portugal or the EU (customers, suppliers, physical presence).
To open an account, institutions generally require:
– the company’s registration certificate;
– the articles of association;
– the NIF/NIPC;
– ID documents and proof of address of directors and beneficial owners;
– sometimes a CV, proof of previous activity, a bank reference letter, the most recent tax returns, or already signed commercial contracts.
Banks cited as active in Madeira notably include Millennium BCP, Novo Banco, Banco BPI, but other operators and European fintechs (Wise Business, Revolut Business, Paysera, Payoneer) can be used for international payment needs, in addition to or while waiting for a traditional Portuguese account.
Timelines vary greatly: from a few days to several weeks for a standard company with simple shareholding, up to 4 to 8 weeks for a complex foreign structure.
Overall Timelines and Possibility of Remote Creation
The various sources agree on an indicative range for a complete incorporation:
| Step | Indicative Duration |
|---|---|
| Incorporation and registration of a “standard” Lda | 3 to 4 weeks |
| Registration under the MIBC regime (after company already created) | 2 to 3 additional weeks |
| Full operational capacity (bank account, tax numbers, social security, any licenses) | 4 to 8 weeks total |
| Accelerated scenarios with documents ready and few checks | 7 to 14 days for simple registration |
The vast majority of steps can be carried out remotely, through a lawyer or local agent with a power of attorney. This concerns:
Creating a company in Mauritius involves several key administrative steps. These include: applying for a Tax Identification Number (TIN); depositing the company name with the National Register of Individuals and Legal Entities (RNPC); drafting and signing the articles of association, either by electronic signature or by represented deed; proceeding with the final registration with the commercial register; and finally, if the activity requires it, submitting a license application to the Mauritius Investment Board Corporation (MIBC).
However, some banking institutions still require the physical presence of at least one director to open the account, even if fintechs allow, in some cases, a fully remote procedure.
The Role of the Registered Office Address and Local Representative
Domiciliation is a fundamental point of creation in Madeira. The law requires a registered office address in Madeira, which must appear in the articles of association:
– it may correspond to a real office rented or purchased by the company;
– a virtual office address (domiciliation service) is also allowed, provided it is a physical address and not a simple PO Box;
– the company can only have one registered office on record.
Certain documents must be kept at this address:
List of essential documents to provide for the incorporation and legal management of a company.
Official document attesting to the registration and protection of the company name.
Bank confirmation of the payment of the required initial share capital.
Copies of ID cards or passports of managers and directors.
Register of partners, minutes of meetings, and other statutory documents.
General journal, general ledger, balance sheet and income statement, kept up to date.
MIBC companies must also maintain a principal office in Madeira and, in the case of branches, appoint a legal representative on the island.
For non-residents, the question of the Portuguese tax representative remains crucial: they receive notifications from the tax authorities and hold the company responsible in case of non-compliance. Failure to respect this obligation can lead to fines and seriously complicate relations with the authorities.
Incorporation and Operating Costs
The expenses related to creating a company in Madeira are divided into four main blocks: public fees (registration, licenses), share capital, professional fees (lawyers, accountants, agents), banking and domiciliation costs.
Public Fees and Licenses
The scales vary according to the corporate form and whether or not the MIBC regime is used. These include:
– Commercial register fees: around €360 for a sole proprietorship, up to more than €1,000 for some companies, excluding any possible packages offered by providers.
– Incorporation duties and various stamps: sources mention an overall cost of around €1,000 for stamp and registration fees.
– MIBC fees:
| Type of Company | Initial Fees | Base Annual Fee |
|---|---|---|
| Service company under MIBC | €1,000 | €1,800 |
| SGPS under MIBC | €1,000 | €1,800 in the 1st year, then €1,800 + 0.5% of annual profit > €1M, capped at €30,000 |
– Renewal: some tables indicate renewal costs starting from €1,130 for the second year, to which are added the maintenance of domiciliation, accountant fees, and license renewal if applicable.
Professional Fees and Service Packages
Specialized firms often offer turnkey packages including:
Creating a company in Panama involves several mandatory steps and optional services: preparation of the articles of incorporation, obtaining the corporate name, and legal incorporation. Registration requires representation to obtain the Tax Identification Number (NIF) and includes one year of domiciliation. An MIBC license (International Business Company License) must be applied for. Support for opening the bank account is provided, and nominee director or shareholder services may optionally be offered.
The amounts quoted range from a few thousand euros to more than €10,000–12,000 for comprehensive packages including license, registered office, registered agent, and administrative support.
Minimum annual cost for the accounting of an active company, including tax returns, balance sheet, and reports to authorities.
Annual Operating Costs
Even a company without actual activity incurs a non-negotiable base of expenses:
– renewal of the registered office address and local agent;
– accountant fees for minimum obligations;
– possible MIBC fees (€1,800/year for a service company, even if minimally active);
– bank fees (account maintenance, transfers, cards).
This is a point often underestimated by entrepreneurs who consider “letting the company sleep”: even inactive, it remains required to file accounts, fulfill certain declarations, and maintain a minimum of compliance.
Accounting, Tax, and Social Obligations After Incorporation
The company’s incorporation is only the beginning. To avoid penalties and future problems, the recurring requirements must be integrated from the start: accounting, possible audit, tax returns, statutory meetings.
Accounting, Audit, and Registers
All companies in Madeira must keep regular accounts, in accordance with Portuguese standards (SNC), in Portuguese language and euros. Supporting documents must be kept for at least 10 years, available for inspection.
Accounts must be closed each year and submitted to the general meeting of partners within three months of the close of the financial year (often December 31, so meeting by March 31 at the latest).
Audit obligations depend on size:
| Type of Company | Thresholds Triggering Mandatory Audit (if 2 criteria met for 2 years) |
|---|---|
| S.A. | 250+ employees, or at least €20M in assets, or at least €40M in turnover |
| Lda | 50+ employees, or at least €1.5M in assets, or at least €3M in turnover |
In practice, many small companies do not reach these thresholds and are not subject to legal audit, but a statutory auditor remains advisable, especially for structures under the MIBC.
Tax Calendar and Declarations
The typical calendar for a company in Madeira is as follows (subject to legislative adjustments):
Companies must respect several key deadlines: the general meeting approves accounts around March 31. The annual tax return (Modelo 22) and payment of corporate income tax (IRC) are due on the last business day of May. The filing of the Simplified Business Information (IES), which includes accounts and statistical data, occurs by the end of June. Finally, IRC installments are to be paid in July, September, and December, calculated based on the previous year’s result.
For VAT, companies file monthly or quarterly returns depending on turnover volume. MIBC companies remain fully integrated into the Portuguese and European VAT system, even if certain international transactions may benefit from reduced rates or exemptions.
Employment Relations and Payroll
Any employer company must comply with Portuguese labor law:
Employment contracts must comply with national standards (duration, hours, leave, termination rules). The employer must register employees with social security and withhold income tax (IRS) at source at progressive rates that can exceed 40%. Social security contributions and withheld IRS must be paid monthly, generally by the 20th of the month following salary payment.
Inspections in these areas have significantly increased, including in Madeira, and authorities can impose heavy fines for undeclared work or unpaid social contributions.
Preventing Errors: Compliance and Long-Term Risks
Practitioners’ testimonials emphasize one point: mistakes made at the birth of the company – inappropriate legal form, poor VAT structuring, lack of a tax representative, failure to meet MIBC deadlines – can have serious consequences years later.
Among the identified risks:
Companies benefiting from the MIBC regime are exposed to several major risks in case of non-compliance: retroactive revocation of the 5% IRC rate if substance requirements are not met, penalties for absence or delay in tax filing, reclassification of activity if not covered by the corporate purpose or licenses, refusal to open a bank account in the absence of real economic links or in case of opaque shareholding structure, and sanctions for lack of a tax representative for non-residents.
The most common response from experts is to recommend close coordination from the outset between:
– corporate lawyer (legal form, articles, licenses);
– tax advisor/accountant (tax regime, VAT, MIBC);
– banking specialist (account opening strategy);
– local provider for domiciliation and representation.
Conclusion: A Manageable Procedure That Requires Preparation
Creating a company in Madeira is not more “complicated” than in other European jurisdictions, but the combination of regimes (general Portuguese law, regional tax specificities, MIBC scheme, European law) requires a high level of rigor.
For an entrepreneur:
To maximize the chances of success of an MIBC company in Mauritius, it is crucial to accept investing sufficient preparation time for choosing the legal form, drafting a realistic business plan, and demonstrating economic substance. It is also necessary to anticipate and budget for all recurring costs, such as the MIBC fee, accounting, license, and domiciliation fees. Finally, it is highly recommended to rely on competent and experienced intermediaries in international matters for effective support.
The administrative procedures remain perfectly manageable, even remotely, within timelines generally ranging between one and two months for full operational setup.
Madeira then offers a rare framework in Europe: a secure legal environment, integrated into the EU and its tax treaties, combined with one of the most competitive corporate tax systems on the continent – provided you scrupulously follow the rules, from the first NIF application to the filing of annual accounts.
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Cyril Jarnias is an independent expert in international wealth management with over 20 years of experience. As an expatriate himself, he is dedicated to helping individuals and business leaders build, protect, and pass on their wealth with complete peace of mind.
On his website, cyriljarnias.com, he shares his expertise on international real estate, offshore company formation, and expatriation.
Thanks to his expertise, he offers sound advice to optimize his clients' wealth management. Cyril Jarnias is also recognized for his appearances in many prestigious media outlets such as BFM Business, les Français de l’étranger, Le Figaro, Les Echos, and Mieux vivre votre argent, where he shares his knowledge and know-how in wealth management.
