Published on and written by Cyril Jarnias
Settling in the United Arab Emirates means entering a world where futuristic skyscrapers, giant shopping malls and endless desert coexist with tribal values, Islamic law, and a mosaic of over 200 nationalities. For an expatriate, this mix can be both stimulating and confusing. Understanding local codes is not folklore: it is a basic condition for avoiding missteps, successfully integrating, and working peacefully.
A country that is ultra-cosmopolitan yet deeply rooted
The United Arab Emirates is a federation of seven emirates – Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al Quwain, Ras Al Khaimah, and Fujairah – with about ten million inhabitants. Behind this seemingly small size lies one of the most cosmopolitan societies on the planet: nearly 88% of the population is made up of foreigners, and in some cities like Dubai, over 80% of residents are expatriates.
The population of the United Arab Emirates, and especially Dubai, is mostly made up of expatriates from around the world, while Emiratis represent only about 11% of the national population. It is therefore common for a newcomer to live for several years mainly within expatriate circles, without necessarily integrating into the local Emirati society.
Yet daily life, law, and most social norms remain shaped by local culture and Islam. The values of respect, modesty, family, honor, generosity, and hospitality structure society. The country aims to be modern, focused on innovation and international investment, but at the same time claims to preserve its national and Islamic identity.
Languages: Arabic official, English ubiquitous
Arabic is the official language, present in laws, administrative documents, and public institutions. In practice, English is everywhere: in businesses, international schools, shopping malls, transportation, and hospitality. An expatriate can easily handle all routine procedures in English, read signage, fill out forms, and work in what often resembles an Anglo-Saxon environment.
Using a few common Arabic expressions, such as ‘As‑salamu alaykum’ (peace be upon you) upon arrival, ‘Wa alaykum as‑salam’ in response, or ‘Shukran’ (thank you), is very appreciated and seen as a sign of respect, especially by Emiratis. In a professional context, having a bilingual business card, with Arabic on one side and English on the other, is considered a mark of professionalism and consideration.
Islam, law, and daily life: what an expatriate really needs to understand
Islam is the state religion, and the law is inspired by Sharia, especially for family law and part of criminal law. However, other religions are present and practiced: churches and temples coexist with mosques, and Christian expatriates celebrate Christmas even though it is not an official public holiday.
Islam, public morality, and laws
Islamic principles permeate social life well beyond matters of worship. They are found in: 1. Interpersonal relationships 2. Justice and fairness 3. Economics and wealth redistribution 4. Family and marriage 5. Education and culture 6. Solidarity and mutual aid
– the conception of family and social roles
– the place of charity and mutual aid
– restrictions on alcohol, drugs, sexuality, and public displays of affection
– regulation of online content, press, and social networks.
Insulting or mocking religion, prophets, or national symbols is an offense punishable by heavy fines, and even imprisonment and deportation for a foreigner. Similarly, drug use and possession are treated with extreme severity.
Alcohol is permitted for non-Muslims only in licensed venues (hotels, bars, restaurants, clubs) or from specialized stores. Public intoxication and drunk driving carry serious consequences. It should be considered a discreet leisure activity, not an extension of an evening out in public space.
Ramadan: a month that shapes the country’s life
Ramadan, the ninth month of the Islamic lunar calendar, is the highlight of the religious year. Muslims who are able fast from dawn to sunset: no food, no drink (not even water), no tobacco, and no marital relations during the day.
For non-Muslims, the challenge is less spiritual than behavioral. They are expected not to eat, drink, or smoke in public during the day. Many restaurants remain open but serve behind screens or in closed areas. Companies are required to provide meal spaces out of sight of those fasting.
During Ramadan, the legal reduction of working hours by about two hours per day, applicable in both public and private sectors, changes daily routines. Evenings then come alive around iftar (the meal breaking the fast), night prayers (taraweeh), and long family walks in shopping malls and parks.
An expatriate who wishes to integrate will benefit from: developing social relationships, understanding the local culture, learning the language, and getting involved in the community. This will not only help them adapt, but also provide a support network and professional opportunities.
– adopting more covering clothing than usual
– avoiding loud music and celebratory behavior during the day
– learning to say “Ramadan Kareem” or “Ramadan Mubarak”
– accepting, if the opportunity arises, an invitation to iftar, arriving exactly at the time of breaking the fast and possibly bringing dates or sweets without alcohol or pork gelatin.
Religious holidays and public holidays
The major moments of the year are the two Eids (Eid al‑Fitr, marking the end of Ramadan, and Eid al‑Adha, the Feast of Sacrifice), the Islamic New Year, the Prophet’s Birthday, and National Day. Their exact date often depends on lunar observation, and the government usually announces the number of days off at the last moment.
The table below summarizes, for an expatriate, the main nature of a few key celebrations:
| Occasion | Nature of the celebration | Impact on daily life |
|---|---|---|
| Eid al‑Fitr | End of Ramadan, major religious festival | Several days off, mass travel, gifts, outings |
| Eid al‑Adha | Feast of Sacrifice, religious | Public holidays, family gatherings, communal prayers |
| Islamic New Year | Islamic new year | Public holiday, more discreet celebrations |
| Prophet’s Birthday | Religious festival | Public holiday, cultural and religious activities |
| National Day | Commemoration of the country’s union | Parades, decorations in national colors, public events |
Christmas, highly visible in malls and hotels due to international tourism, does not entitle anyone to a specific day off.
Social codes: respect, hierarchy, and modesty
The culture shock for an expatriate often comes less from religion than from norms of public behavior. The United Arab Emirates indeed combines a very “Western” material environment with a social code marked by modesty, hierarchies, and a certain conservatism, especially in more traditional emirates like Sharjah.
Greeting and interacting: form matters as much as substance
Emirati society strongly values greetings, politeness, and marks of respect. A conversation rarely begins with the main topic; one first inquires about health, family, and general situation.
The Islamic greeting “As‑salamu alaykum” is very common, but a simple “Marhaba” or “Hello” is perfectly acceptable in cosmopolitan settings. What matters most is the way one addresses people: standing up when an elderly or high-ranking person enters, shaking the hand of the most senior interlocutor first, using titles (“Mr.,” “Mrs.,” “Doctor,” “His/Her Excellency” for certain officials) shows that one understands the importance of hierarchy.
Physical contact is strictly codified. Between men, a right-hand handshake, sometimes prolonged, may be followed by a hand on the heart. Between men and women, never extend your hand first: let the other person decide on contact (handshake or simple verbal greeting). For an expatriate woman, avoiding kissing or spontaneously hugging a male colleague is an essential precaution.
Public behavior: discretion and restraint
Displays of affection are very limited in public space. Holding hands for a married couple is tolerated, but kissing, tight embraces, or suggestive gestures can lead to police intervention. Loud arguments, insults, obscene gestures, or clothing deemed indecent can also result in fines.
Certain innocuous gestures can be perceived as rude or insulting. Avoid pointing a finger at someone, showing the soles of your feet or shoes, or directing your soles toward your interlocutor when sitting. To indicate a direction, use your whole hand, and sit in a way that does not point the soles of your feet at others. These small adjustments prevent misunderstandings.
Dress code: modesty as a guiding principle
There is not a strict legal dress code everywhere, but expectations are clear: in public places like shopping malls, government offices, markets, or streets, shoulders and knees should be covered, and clothing should not be transparent or too tight.
Emiratis often wear traditional attire – white kandura and ghutra for men, black abaya and headscarf for women – but an expatriate is not required to do the same. However, wearing a mini-short, low-cut top, or very revealing tank top in a mall or a more traditional area (souks, old neighborhoods) risks at least disapproving looks, at most a request to cover up.
The following table summarizes the main dress code expectations according to the type of location:
| Location / Situation | Expected attire for men | Expected attire for women |
|---|---|---|
| Malls, streets, markets | Shoulders and knees covered, no tank tops | Shoulders and knees covered, non-transparent clothing |
| Offices, government buildings | Long pants, long-sleeved shirt, professional attire | Tailored suit, dress or skirt below the knee, shoulders covered |
| Mosques | Arms and legs covered | Hair, arms, and legs covered, loose clothing |
| Beaches, pools, resorts | Swimwear only in the designated area | Bikini or one-piece okay, topless strictly prohibited |
| Traditional neighborhoods, Sharjah… | Even more modest attire, avoid shorts | Long dress or pants, sleeves at least to the elbow |
In places of worship, rules are stricter: women must cover their hair, arms, and legs, men should avoid shorts and sleeveless t-shirts. Many large mosques lend abayas and scarves to visitors.
Everyday life: hospitality, home, and private space
One of the most striking aspects of local culture is the warmth of hospitality. Being invited to an Emirati’s home, or to the homes of some long-established Arab families, is a sign of great trust.
Before entering, one removes shoes. One greets the host carefully, often with a handshake and thanks for the invitation. Bringing a small gift – quality dates, chocolates, flowers, a decorative item, or a specialty from your country – is a appreciated gesture. Avoid alcohol and products containing pork or non-halal gelatin.
Arabic coffee (gahwa) is served in small handleless cups, filled halfway. Refusing it can be seen as disrespectful; it is better to accept at least one cup. To politely indicate you do not want more when the host offers another round, simply shake the empty cup gently from right to left.
Meals often take place in a very convivial setting, sometimes sitting on the floor in a majlis. One eats and passes dishes using only the right hand, as the left is considered impure for such purposes. The host waits for the guest(s) to start eating before serving themselves and will not leave the table until the guests have risen.
In traditional homes, men and women may be received separately. It is essential to follow the host’s instructions and avoid any personal initiative, such as exploring rooms, in order to respect family privacy.
Working in the Emirates: time, hierarchy, and relationships
On paper, the working world looks much like that of any developed economy: office skyscrapers, large international corporations, diversified sectors (energy, finance, tourism, logistics, tech, etc.). In practice, corporate culture remains strongly influenced by local elements.
Workweek and professional rhythm
Historically, the country long operated with a weekend centered on Friday, the day of the main prayer for Muslims. The structure has evolved over the decades to align more with international markets. The current pattern notably distinguishes the federal public sector, certain emirates, and the private sector.
It can be summarized as follows:
| Sector / Emirate | Main working days | Friday specifics |
|---|---|---|
| Federal government | Monday to Friday noon (4.5 days) | Half day, Friday prayer in early afternoon |
| Majority of private sector | Monday to Friday (5 days) | Full day, hours vary by company |
| Sharjah government | Monday to Thursday (4 days) | Friday included in a three-day weekend |
In practice, most companies operate on 8 to 9 working hours per day, often from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. or 9 a.m. to 6 p.m., with a lunch break. Hours may vary by sector (retail, hospitality, food service) which are busier in the evening and on weekends.
During Ramadan, working hours are generally reduced by about two hours per day. This reduction applies to both Muslims and non-Muslims. However, the actual impact on workload can vary significantly depending on the company and sector.
Hierarchy, decision-making, and power dynamics
Society is very hierarchical, and this is reflected in work organization. Age, experience, social position, and, in local companies, family ties, play an important role in the distribution of power. Key decisions are often concentrated in the hands of a few leaders or a small committee.
For an expatriate used to flatter structures, this functioning can seem slow or opaque. It is not uncommon for negotiations to take time, with long discussions where “yes” is not always a firm commitment but rather an openness to continue the conversation. Patience is essential; pushing too directly or pressing an interlocutor to “decide” can be counterproductive.
Work relationships value loyalty to the manager and the company. Feedback and criticism should be given cautiously, avoiding direct or public confrontation that could cause someone to lose face.
Communication at work: indirect, relational, and codified
In companies, communication generally remains formal, at least initially. Titles and last names are used, emails begin with longer polite phrases than in Europe, and meetings open with informal conversation about family, health, weather, or travel.
The communication style is often indirect. “Insha’Allah” (God willing) can mean “yes, if nothing prevents it”, but sometimes also “it’s not guaranteed.” Similarly, refusals are rarely expressed bluntly; one might say “we will study it,” “we will see,” “it will be difficult” rather than “no.”
Messaging apps – especially WhatsApp – play a central role in professional exchanges, including for important matters. For a newcomer, it is crucial to respond quickly, even with a short message, and to avoid questionable humor or images that could be interpreted as offensive.
Meetings and negotiations: time for the relationship before the contract
A meeting is not only a moment for decision-making; it is also and above all a step in building the relationship. Arriving on time shows seriousness, but do not be surprised if some interlocutors arrive late or if phone calls regularly interrupt the exchange. Daily prayers, impromptu visits from other colleagues, or simple organizational lag are part of the landscape.
In an expatriation context, it is essential not to rush interactions. Avoid getting straight to the point and take time to accept offers of coffee, tea, or dates. First engage in general conversation before addressing the main topic, and be sure to scrupulously respect the hierarchical order when speaking. Showing impatience can indeed be perceived as a sign of disrespect or defiance.
Haggling over prices or conditions is common, not only in souks but also in business. The dominant logic is “win-win”, but concessions are often made in small increments, after several exchanges.
Between control and openness: what you need to know about laws and digital life
The United Arab Emirates has developed a very structured legal framework around media, the internet, and social networks. Here again, the stated goal is to protect social cohesion, the country’s reputation, and public morality, in a society where almost everyone is connected.
Social media: a monitored space
More than four out of five inhabitants use social media, and WhatsApp is everywhere in personal and professional life. But posting online is not innocent: several laws – penal code, cybercrime law, media legislation – strictly regulate what can be disseminated.
Specifically prohibited include:
Regulations prohibit publishing content including criticism and insults against the government and institutions, rumors and false information, blasphemy or religious offenses, nudity and pornography, incitement to hatred or terrorism, and dissemination of personal data without consent.
A point often overlooked by expatriates: sharing, “liking,” or republishing illegal content can be penalized just like the original author. A simple Instagram story showing someone intoxicated, or a disrespectful comment about an official, can have disproportionate consequences for someone thinking with Western references.
Privacy: consent and discretion
Photographing people without their consent, especially women in traditional attire, is to be absolutely avoided. Posting these images on social media without explicit permission is illegal. The same applies to recording private conversations or disseminating confidential information.
In a country with significant video surveillance infrastructure, the red line is clear: anything related to individuals’ privacy, and anything perceived as an attack on dignity or reputation, can become a legal matter.
Country with significant video surveillance infrastructure
For an expatriate, basic caution consists of systematically asking for permission before taking or publishing photos of identifiable people, refraining from political or religious comments online, and treating professional WhatsApp groups as semi-public spaces where you write as if everything could be read by a third party.
Gender, family, and the place of women: between tradition and reforms
Emirati society retains a strong patriarchal imprint: historically, men are seen as providers and protectors, women as mothers and homemakers. These representations remain powerful, but they now coexist with ambitious public policies promoting women’s education and employment.
Women’s participation rising sharply
The figures illustrate this underlying trend: the participation of women in the national labor force has jumped from less than 20% to more than half in a few decades. They represent a majority of higher education graduates, including in scientific and technological fields.
This is the minimum percentage of women required on the boards of large French companies since the Copé-Zimmermann law of 2011.
However, inequalities persist, particularly in the private sector and in some STEM fields. The number of women business owners remains modest, and the proportion of female leaders in the private sector remains low relative to their level of qualification.
Expatriate women: perceived differently, but subject to the same public rules
Western expatriate women are often perceived as having a somewhat special status: their autonomy is more easily accepted, especially in the internationalized business world. Nevertheless, they remain subject to the same social codes as everyone else.
In a professional context, a foreign woman can lead male teams, negotiate, and travel alone. It is advisable to adopt modest clothing, remain measured in physical contact, and be attentive to the religious or generational sensitivities of interlocutors.
Recent reforms regarding cohabitation outside marriage, domestic violence, or labor rights also apply to expatriate women. However, legal procedures in case of family or criminal conflict can be complex, and it is recommended that any newcomer inform themselves in advance about their rights and obligations.
Networks, gifts, and sociability: the role of relationships
In a country where the majority of the population is foreign, but where business is often done at the intersection of communities, the ability to create and maintain personal relationships is decisive.
The weight of networks
The economic fabric is based both on large local groups, public companies, and thousands of companies owned or run by expatriates. Authorities encourage foreign investment, relax ownership rules, and grant long-term visas to entrepreneurs and talent.
To navigate this, it is almost essential to develop a network, whether through chambers of commerce, sector-specific business clubs, professional events, or personal contacts. Trusting relationships are built over time, sometimes over lunches, dinners, or repeated visits to the same interlocutors.
In a professional context, an expatriate employee who invests time in getting to know colleagues – asking about their origins, family situation, or cultural practices – generally achieves much better integration than one who limits interactions to work-related topics only.
The art of gift-giving without making a faux pas
Gift-giving holds an important place in local culture, as an expression of generosity and respect. But it is also surrounded by specific rules.
First rule: alcohol, products containing pork (including gelatin, cold cuts, etc.), overly intimate gifts (lingerie, very personal perfume between people of opposite sexes) are to be avoided. Similarly, giving gold or silk to a Muslim man is not appropriate.
Conversely, gifts like quality dates, chocolates, tea, gift baskets, handicrafts, or books about your country are very well received. In the business world, an elegant pen, a notebook, a business card holder, or a well-made illustrated book can serve as a “souvenir” without appearing as an attempt at bribery.
Another delicate point: gift exchanges between men and women who are neither married nor related. To stay within social norms, it is customary to present the gift as coming from the man’s wife, sister, or mother, or conversely, to specify that a gift intended for a man is actually for his wife or family.
Finally, the gesture matters more than the material value. An overly ostentatious gift can be uncomfortable, especially if given in public. It is better to favor quality presents, chosen with care, rather than expensive items that seem disproportionate.
Preparing for expatriate life: embracing differences to better enjoy them
Moving to the United Arab Emirates is not simply changing climate or time zone. It means accepting to operate within a stricter legal framework, a more conservative social environment, and a highly competitive job market, but also benefiting from high security, modern infrastructure, and an overall comfortable daily life.
To approach this change in good conditions, a few preparation points are essential.
Accepting to play by different rules without judging them
From a European or North American perspective, some laws may seem harsh: criminalization of public insult, regulation of social networks, prohibition of homosexual relations, restrictions on alcohol, severity toward drugs, etc. Yet these rules are part of an overall vision of society where cohesion, reputation, and public morality take precedence over individual expression.
An expatriate in the United Arab Emirates must respect local values and avoid projecting reflexes of “acquired rights,” especially in public and digital spaces, as these do not apply here.
Observe, ask, inform yourself
The best compass remains observation: how do people dress in a given mall? How do colleagues greet each other? What attitude do well-integrated expatriates adopt? Adding a few tactful questions – about customs during Ramadan, codes for a home invitation, practices around prayer – helps avoid many missteps.
Informing yourself about your labor rights, the weekly structure, holidays, visa sponsorship rules, or health coverage is equally crucial. Serious companies generally offer support to their foreign recruits, but it remains useful to independently check the legal provisions in force.
Building bridges between cultures
In a country where over 200 nationalities coexist, the success of an expatriation also depends on the ability to navigate between different cultural worlds. Making friends with other expatriates is natural, but making an effort to connect with Emiratis, even if it seems harder at first, greatly enriches the experience.
For successful integration, adopt simple gestures: participate in local cultural events, visit iconic places like the grand mosques while respecting dress and behavior codes, learn a few basic Arabic words, take an interest in traditional dishes (like machboos, a spiced rice with meat often served family-style on Fridays), and get involved in volunteering or corporate social responsibility initiatives.
In summary, the United Arab Emirates offers the expatriate an exceptional professional and personal playground, provided you play by the country’s rules. Understanding the central role of Islam, accepting social hierarchy, respecting codes of modesty, being extremely cautious in your use of social media, and carefully cultivating personal relationships – these are the main guidelines that not only help avoid trouble, but above all allow you to fully enjoy what this unique country has to offer.
Disclaimer: The information provided on this website is for informational purposes only and does not constitute financial, legal, or professional advice. We encourage you to consult qualified experts before making any investment, real estate, or expatriation decisions. Although we strive to maintain up-to-date and accurate information, we do not guarantee the completeness, accuracy, or timeliness of the proposed content. As investment and expatriation involve risks, we disclaim any liability for potential losses or damages arising from the use of this site. Your use of this site confirms your acceptance of these terms and your understanding of the associated risks.
Cyril Jarnias is an independent expert in international wealth management with over 20 years of experience. As an expatriate himself, he is dedicated to helping individuals and business leaders build, protect, and pass on their wealth with complete peace of mind.
On his website, cyriljarnias.com, he shares his expertise on international real estate, offshore company formation, and expatriation.
Thanks to his expertise, he offers sound advice to optimize his clients' wealth management. Cyril Jarnias is also recognized for his appearances in many prestigious media outlets such as BFM Business, les Français de l’étranger, Le Figaro, Les Echos, and Mieux vivre votre argent, where he shares his knowledge and know-how in wealth management.
