Published on and written by Cyril Jarnias
Moving to Kazakhstan means accepting a transition from polar winters to sometimes oppressive summers, with temperature swings that exceed anything known in Western Europe. The country is vast, landlocked, with endless steppes, deserts, mountains rising above 7,000 meters, semi-desert lakes, and major metropolises. The climate is extremely continental: very cold in winter, very hot in summer, low precipitation, lots of wind, and sharp variations between day and night.
For expatriates, adapting to the local climate is essential for comfort, health, and safety. This practical guide, based on climate data and firsthand experience, helps you master this climate in daily life, at work, and during leisure activities.
Understanding the Kazakh Climate: An “Extreme” Continental Climate
Kazakhstan is the largest landlocked country in the world, thousands of miles from any ocean. This distance from any large body of water plays a central role: no sea moderates temperature extremes. As a result, the air cools down sharply in winter and warms up very quickly in summer. Add to this the lack of natural barriers against polar air masses from Siberia in winter and the arrival of scorching winds from the deserts of Iran and Afghanistan in summer.
This is known as an arid to semi-arid continental climate, with long, harsh winters and hot to very hot summers. Annual temperature ranges are staggering: in some regions, temperatures can drop to -45 °C in winter and rise to +40 °C, or even higher, in summer. In the southern desert, highs of +50 °C have been recorded, while in the north, -57 °C has been measured in Atbasar.
Seasons in Canada are very distinct, but their duration and characteristics vary significantly by region. This climatic reality requires expatriates to prepare thoroughly, especially regarding their wardrobe, housing choices, health, and annual planning.
Four Seasons, but Not as You Know Them
The country officially has four seasons, but their outlines may not be what you expect.
In the heart of winter, from November to March, the country experiences temperatures generally between -5 °C and -20 °C, with episodes of -30 °C or -40 °C, especially in the north and east. Snow is frequent but, due to low humidity, often dry and powdery. In some steppe areas, snow cover can persist from November to April, even though snowfall amounts may be modest. The dry cold causes skin problems (chapped lips, damaged hands), but the cold feels even more intense due to the wind.
Between April and May, temperatures can swing rapidly from summer-like warmth (over 20 °C) to sudden freezing (below zero), sometimes with sleet or snow. This season is key to understanding the logic of layering clothing, observing the climatic transition, and being wary of flood risks from snowmelt.
Summer, from late May to mid-September depending on the region, is generally hot and dry. In the plains and deserts of the south and west, temperatures regularly climb above 35 °C, sometimes reaching 40 to 45 °C, with dry air that can make the heat more bearable than in humid climates, but requiring very good hydration. In the northern steppes, summer averages are milder (around 20-21 °C in July) but heat waves of 37-38 °C are not uncommon. In the mountains, days are cooler but sunshine is intense, and nights can be very cold.
Finally, autumn, from late September to early November, is considered by many to be the most pleasant season in much of the country. Temperatures gradually drop, nights become cool, the first frosts appear, but the light is soft, landscapes take on golden hues, and outdoor activities remain very comfortable. For expatriates, it’s also a transitional season for preparing the home and wardrobe for the coming winter.
Highly Contrasting Regional Climates: Where Will You Live?
Kazakhstan stretches over more than 3,000 km from west to east and nearly 2,000 km from north to south. It’s impossible to speak of a single “Kazakh climate.” An expatriate’s experience will differ greatly whether they settle in Astana, Almaty, on the Caspian coast, or in the desert near the Aral Sea. Navigating this climatic mosaic is essential for choosing the right clothing, equipment, and even lifestyle.
The North and the Steppe: Astana, Petropavl, Pavlodar
The north is dominated by the immense Kazakh steppe. This is the iconic region of true continental winter. In Astana, the capital, the January average hovers around -15 °C, but lows regularly plunge much lower. Temperatures close to -40 °C have been recorded, and the city is listed among the coldest capitals in the world. The temperature range between winter and summer can exceed 80 °C: from winters at -40 °C to summers over 40 °C during heat waves.
In summer, however, the climate is often pleasant: the July average is around 20-21 °C, with beautiful sunny days, although stormy episodes can bring occasional heavy rain. Annual precipitation is moderate (a little over 300 mm), mainly as summer showers.
In Astana, locals dress “for the season” rather than based on the daily temperature. Being judged as too lightly dressed in cold weather (e.g., -5°C in winter) can draw comments. Understanding these codes helps avoid cultural misunderstandings and health issues.
The Center and Southern Plains: Dry Heat and Deserts
Heading south toward the center and south, you gain heat but not necessarily comfort. Winters remain cold, but slightly less extreme than in the north: January averages typically range between -10 °C and +1 °C depending on the area. Summers, on the other hand, become scorching, especially in vast deserts like the Kyzyl Kum or on the Ustyurt Plateau, where daytime temperatures can reach 45 to 50 °C, before plummeting to near freezing at night.
These regions receive very little precipitation, sometimes barely 100 mm per year, especially near the Aral Sea. The air is extremely dry, bare soil favors dust storms, and the lack of shade makes sun protection essential for expatriates who work or travel outdoors.
The West: The Caspian Sea Coast
On the shores of the Caspian Sea, in Atyrau or Aktau, the climate remains continental, but the sea’s influence is felt. Winters are slightly less harsh than in the heart of the steppe: around -6 °C in January in Atyrau, about 0 °C in Aktau. Summers remain hot (27.5 °C average in Atyrau in July), with very sunny days.
That’s the annual precipitation in millimeters in the driest areas of the western coast, characterized by significant aridity.
The Southeast and Almaty: Mountains, Microclimates, and Contrasts
Almaty, the country’s second-largest city and former capital, offers a milder climate than the north, but it’s not necessarily easy to live in. Located at about 800 meters altitude on the foothills of the Tian Shan, the city experiences less severe winters: the January average is around -4 °C, but cold snaps down to -30 °C are still possible. Summers are hot (around 24-25 °C average in July), with peaks above 40 °C.
The city of Almaty stands out for its high annual precipitation, around 675 mm, with a marked peak in spring. The months of March, April, and May are particularly humid, characterized by frequent and sometimes intense rains due to the meeting of warm and cold air masses. For an expatriate, this means planning for rain gear during this season, just as much as a warm coat for winter.
The proximity of the mountains complicates matters further. Within a few dozen kilometers, you can go from the city to altitudes where snow persists for months, where glaciers exist, and where temperatures can drop more than 15-20 °C compared to the valley. Expatriates who enjoy hiking or skiing must factor these vertical gradients into their clothing preparation.
The Far East and Ust-Kamenogorsk: Continental to the Core
In the east, cities like Ust-Kamenogorsk (Oskemen) experience an even more pronounced continental climate. Temperatures above +40 °C in summer and below -50 °C in winter have been recorded. Winds can be violent, reaching 30 to 40 m/s, over 100 km/h. These conditions require extreme cold-weather clothing and a real learning curve for walking on snow and ice for expatriates.
Some Numerical Examples for Orientation
A few average data points by city help calibrate what awaits an expatriate.
| City | January (avg °C) | July (avg °C) | Annual Precipitation (mm) | Climatic Features |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Astana | ≈ -14 to -16 | ≈ 20.6 | ≈ 338 | Very cold winter, wind, large ranges |
| Almaty | ≈ -4 to -7 | ≈ 24.4 | ≈ 674 | Milder winter, very rainy spring |
| Atyrau | ≈ -6 | ≈ 27.5 | ≈ 185 | Arid climate, hot summer, near Caspian Sea |
| Kyzylorda | ≈ -6.8 | ≈ 28.3 | ≈ 145 | Desert climate, pronounced heat waves |
| Balkhash | ≈ -13.5 | ≈ 24 | ≈ 140 | Dry continental, high sunshine |
These averages hide extremes that can be much more pronounced, but they provide a useful order of magnitude for planning a wardrobe or assessing the need for better home insulation.
Dressing to Survive… and Live Comfortably
In a country where you can go from a -30 °C winter to a +40 °C summer, dressing strategy becomes an art. The number one rule for expatriates is simple: learn to layer.
The Layering Technique: Base, Insulation, Protection
Rather than relying on a single very thick garment, the best practice is to stack several layers, each serving a different function.
The base layer must manage moisture. In winter, the goal is not just to stay warm, but to wick away sweat to avoid getting cold later. Thermal underwear in technical fibers or merino wool does this job well: it retains heat, wicks moisture, and limits odors. Cotton, on the other hand, holds water and turns icy against the skin, making it unsuitable as a first layer.
The mid layer provides insulation. This could be a fleece, a wool sweater, a lightweight down jacket, or a technical sweatshirt. Its role is to trap warm air. You can adjust this layer throughout the day based on activity (walking, office, transit).
To face the Kazakh winter, a waterproof, windproof parka with a hood is essential. In cities, long wool coats are an elegant alternative, but for regions with extreme temperatures like Astana, a well-insulated, covering (at least mid-thigh) technical jacket is more effective, especially against strong wind.
Winter Gear: The Details That Make All the Difference
In the north and east of the country, it’s not just about “having a good coat”. When temperatures drop below -20 °C, every extremity becomes a priority.
Your hands need at least one pair of insulated gloves, or even two different sets: thinner gloves for daily life when you often use your phone or tickets, and very thick gloves or mittens for extended time outdoors. Models compatible with touchscreens let you use your smartphone without freezing your fingers.
Your head and neck need real protection: a hat that covers your ears well, sometimes lined, or even a fur ushanka, a scarf or neck gaiter to cover the lower part of your face in case of blizzard. At -30 °C with wind, a simple city beanie won’t cut it, and a neck gaiter or balaclava becomes essential gear for anyone spending significant time outdoors.
Feet are a critical point in winter. Choose insulated, waterproof boots with a flexible, grippy sole to avoid slipping, as rigid hard plastic soles are more dangerous on ice. Complement with wool or thermal fiber socks. Note that according to some expatriates, a pair of flexible sneakers with thick socks sometimes offers better stability than stylish but slippery boots.
Legs are often neglected, even though your coat doesn’t always reach low enough. Thermal tights or leggings under pants, or lined ski pants for especially cold days, make a huge difference in comfort. Additionally, layering systems allow you to adapt when moving from outdoors to heated interiors without overheating.
Your face and eyes also need protection. On sunny days with snow, glare can be intense, especially at altitude. A pair of sunglasses with UV protection prevents eye strain and headaches. In extreme cold, avoid exposed metal earrings or jewelry, which cool down very quickly and can cause cold burns.
Some gear, like coats and boots suited to the local climate, can be bought in Kazakhstan. In major cities, especially Astana and Almaty, markets like the “Artyom” bazaar offer them. These items can sometimes be more cost-effective than in Europe or North America for equivalent warmth.
Summer and Shoulder Seasons: Light, but Cautious
In summer, expatriates might be tempted to switch to shorts and tank tops. However, the dry climate and intense solar radiation pose other challenges: sunburn, dehydration, heatstroke. Moreover, outside major cities, dress codes remain relatively conservative, especially for women.
Light, loose clothing in natural fabrics (cotton, linen) or breathable technical materials, covering arms and legs, often provides an ideal compromise. They protect from the sun, mosquitoes, and ticks in rural areas, while remaining bearable in hot weather. A wide-brimmed hat or cap and a scarf to protect the neck complete the outfit, especially in the desert and semi-desert regions of the west and south.
In spring and autumn, days can start near freezing, climb to 20 °C, then drop sharply in the evening. Again, layering (t-shirt, long-sleeved shirt, light sweater, windbreaker) lets you follow these variations without suffering from cold or sweating buckets.
Regional Differences in Clothing Needs
For a quick reference, here are basic requirements summarized:
| Region / City | Winter: Recommended Outfit | Summer: Recommended Outfit |
|---|---|---|
| Astana and North | Thermal underwear, fleece, heavy parka, hat, gloves, insulated boots, tights or lined pants | Light but covering clothing, t-shirts, light pants, vest or jacket for cooler evenings |
| Almaty and Southeast | Warm coat (sometimes less extreme than north), hat, gloves, boots, rain gear for spring | Light clothing, hat, sunglasses, watch for thunderstorms and urban heat |
| West / Caspian | Warm coat, scarf for wind, waterproof boots | Very light clothing, hat, enhanced sun protection |
| Desert Zones | Warm coat but often dry weather, wind protection | Loose, covering clothing, wrap-style scarf, hat, constant hydration |
| Mountain Areas | Ski or winter hiking gear, multiple layers, anti-snow equipment | Light hiking clothes by day, fleece and warm jacket for cool evenings, sometimes hat even in summer |
This grid serves as a base, but everything depends on lifestyle: an expatriate working mainly in air-conditioned interiors won’t have the same needs as an engineer frequently on construction sites, or a trekking enthusiast in the Tian Shan.
Living, Heating, Cooling: Adapting Your Home
How you live in your home in Kazakhstan depends largely on the season. In winter, the main challenges are heat, airtightness, and indoor comfort despite -30 °C. In summer, especially in some regions, the lack of air conditioning and indoor heat can become a stress factor.
Central Heating and Its Consequences
In many cities, buildings are connected to a centralized heating system. Radiators start heating in autumn (often early October) and remain on until spring (sometimes late April). For an expatriate used to managing their own heating, this system can be surprising.
Efficient heating in extreme cold can dry out apartment air significantly, causing skin discomfort (dry skin, chapped lips) and respiratory issues. To remedy this, using a humidifier is recommended, as well as staying hydrated by drinking water or hot beverages like tea.
Financially, heating is a major expense item. When renting, it’s crucial to clarify whether heating and electricity costs are included in the rent or not, and to ask for a seasonal estimate. In older, poorly insulated buildings, heat loss can drive up the bill while leaving some rooms uncomfortable.
Insulating and “Domesticating” Your Apartment
An expatriate staying for several years benefits from investing a little in small improvements. The goal is not to refurbish the facade of a Soviet-era building, but to limit air leaks and thermal bridges.
Several solutions exist to improve insulation for windows without double glazing. You can apply shrink film to create an insulating air layer, install adhesive weather stripping to reduce drafts, or use thick or thermal curtains at night. As a temporary solution, a sheet of bubble wrap on the glass can reduce the feeling of a cold surface.
Exterior doors also deserve careful attention: installing a door snake, sealing gaps with foam or weatherstripping, and checking the threshold can reduce drafts and noticeable heat loss. Floors, especially if tiled, can be covered with rugs or carpets to avoid the feeling of cold rising from the floor.
The most committed expatriates might even consider checking ceiling insulation or the upper floor, but in most rental situations, simple “soft” measures are enough to significantly improve comfort.
Ventilating Without Freezing
In winter, the instinct is often to seal everything shut. However, in a heavily heated, poorly ventilated home, the air quickly becomes dry, dusty, and the risk of condensation on cold walls increases. So it’s useful to air out briefly but intensely: open windows wide for five to ten minutes, rather than leaving them ajar for long periods. This blast of fresh air renews the indoor atmosphere without cooling the walls too much.
Summer: Living Without Air Conditioning
In some cities and many older buildings, air conditioning is not standard. During a heatwave, the challenge is then to keep heat out.
To stay cool, close shutters and curtains during the hottest hours and ventilate early in the morning and late in the evening. Avoid cooking that generates heat in the middle of the day and use fans. In highly exposed rooms, blackout or thermal curtains are an effective investment to lower indoor temperature.
For some expatriates, shopping centers, air-conditioned cafes, or libraries become temporary refuges during extreme heatwaves.
Health and Safety: Taking the Climate Seriously
The Kazakh climate is not just a curiosity. It has concrete effects on the physical and mental health of residents, including expatriates. Adapting requires both preventive measures, a suitable lifestyle, and particular vigilance in extreme situations.
Winter: Cold, Wind, Ice
In many regions, winter cold can cause frostbite and hypothermia within minutes if you’re poorly equipped. The effects of wind (the “wind chill”) further reduce the perceived temperature. For an expatriate, this means minimizing unprotected exposure time, systematically covering extremities, and watching for early signs of frost: numbness, tingling, loss of sensation, skin color changes (whitish, then purplish).
If you suspect frostbite, the standard procedure is: get indoors, remove wet clothing, gradually warm the affected areas (warm water, never hot), avoid rubbing the skin, and see a doctor quickly to prevent complications.
Walking on ice poses risks, especially due to persistent black ice patches on sidewalks, particularly in the morning and evening. To limit falls, walk carefully with small steps, use grippy soles, and keep your hands free (avoid putting them in pockets). For those who walk a lot, using removable crampons attached to shoes can also be helpful.
The dry air of the Kazakh winter attacks the skin and mucous membranes. Thick moisturizing creams, lip balms, washing hands with gentle products, and possibly using a humidifier significantly improve comfort. Expatriates should also remember to drink water or hot beverages regularly: you’re often less thirsty in cold weather, but your body still dehydrates.
Summer: Heat, Sun, Dust
At the other extreme, summer heat waves represent a growing health challenge in the country. Data show that heatwave episodes increase all-cause mortality, especially cardiovascular deaths.
For expatriates, prevention relies on regular hydration, before feeling thirsty, and avoiding alcoholic beverages. Alcohol increases dehydration, gives a false sense of tolerance to heat, and does not protect against cold in winter.
Sun protection is equally crucial: high-SPF sunscreen, cap or hat, covering but light clothing, UV-protective sunglasses. At high altitude, in the Tian Shan or Altai, radiation intensity is even higher than on the plains.
It’s recommended to adjust your schedule during heatwaves, limiting intense physical activities to the coolest hours, early morning or evening, and seeking air-conditioned public places to cool down during the day.
Insects, Zoonoses, and Other Risks
The country, especially in summer, sees a resurgence of mosquitoes and ticks in certain regions, particularly in rural and forested areas. Using repellent, wearing long clothing, and checking your skin after outings in forests or tall grass are good habits to adopt.
Some areas in the east of the country present risks of plague transmission from marmots, and anthrax cases have been reported. Expatriates working in rural settings or in contact with animals should consult local recommendations and advised vaccinations, even though none are mandatory for entry.
Psychological Impacts and Mental Adaptation
The alternation of very short days in winter, intense cold, sometimes isolation, and then oppressive summer heat can also weigh on morale. Some expatriates find it useful to establish “light” routines in winter (light therapy lamps, daily outings even short ones in daylight), maintain regular physical activity, and participate in social or community activities to avoid withdrawal.
The body also needs time to get used to new climatic conditions. It’s reasonable to allow a few weeks of adjustment upon arrival, lighten your workload if possible, and not worry excessively if you initially feel more tired or have difficulty tolerating the cold or heat.
Mobility, Activities, and Logistics Through the Seasons
How you get around and enjoy the country depends heavily on the season. In Kazakhstan, you can ski, hike in canyons, observe wild tulips, brave snowstorms, and swim in the Caspian Sea—all by adapting your schedule and equipment.
Driving and Traveling in Winter
Kazakh roads can become particularly dangerous in blizzards, black ice, or snowstorms. Major cities are generally well-plowed, but rural areas can find themselves temporarily cut off after heavy snowfall. Vehicles must be equipped with winter tires, and some drivers use engine pre-heaters or diesel fuel additives to prevent gelling.
For expatriates who drive long distances, a winter emergency kit is strongly recommended: blanket, spare warm clothes, non-perishable food, water, flashlight, shovel, tow chain or strap, warning triangle, reflective vest, phone charger, and possibly a small fuel reserve or anti-gel additive for diesel. In a storm, the basic rule is not to leave your vehicle blindly and to limit travel to absolutely necessary trips.
Buses and trams in cities are generally equipped with heating, offering a comfortable ride in cold weather. However, it’s advisable to dress appropriately for potentially cold wait times at stops.
Enjoying the Climate: Winter Sports, Hikes, Hot Baths
Despite, or thanks to, its climate, Kazakhstan offers a wealth of outdoor activities. Near Almaty, the Shymbulak ski resort and the Medeu ice rink attract winter sports enthusiasts and families every winter. From December to April, snow is abundant, and equipment can be rented locally, saving expatriates from buying everything upon arrival.
In summer, many expatriates take advantage of the mountains to escape the urban heat: hikes in the Tian Shan, camping near lakes like Kolsai, excursions to the Burabay Park in the north to breathe in the forest and lake air.
Mountain conditions can change abruptly (storms, hail, temperature drops). It’s essential to check the weather, bring appropriate clothing (waterproof, spare layers, head covering), a first-aid kit, water, food, and inquire about avalanche risks in late winter and spring.
Best Times to Organize Your Projects
For most expatriates, the most pleasant times to travel across the country are spring (April-May) and autumn (September-October). Between mid-April and mid-May, conditions are generally acceptable across most of the territory: snow has melted in many areas, temperatures range between 2 and 22 °C, and landscapes are covered in flowers. In September-October, days are often mild, with pleasant temperatures, beautiful light, and fewer risks of thermal extremes.
In the north and around Astana, summer (June-August) is the best season to enjoy the city on foot or by bike, even though some intense heat episodes can occur. In the center and south, these same months can be grueling due to intense heat; spring and autumn are more suitable for exploring the landscapes without suffering from the heat.
For winter sports enthusiasts, December to February offer the best snow conditions in most mountain resorts. However, you’ll have to contend with potentially very low temperatures in the city and on the roads.
Climate, Cost of Living, and Energy Policies: What’s Happening in the Background
Adapting to the local climate, for an expatriate, also means understanding that this climate shapes energy bills, public policies, and even some aspects of the economy.
Heating, Bills, and Energy Efficiency
Heating accounts for a significant portion of energy expenses in a country where temperatures regularly drop below -20 °C. The district heating network still largely relies on fossil fuel power plants, notably coal in some cities, contributing to high CO₂ emissions.
At the household level, good insulation can significantly reduce heating needs. Simple steps like installing thick curtains, sealing windows and doors, laying rugs, placing furniture away from exterior walls, and using a programmable thermostat (where possible) can lower energy bills while improving thermal comfort.
A Country Preparing for Climate Change
Kazakhstan is already experiencing noticeable effects of climate change: an average temperature rise of nearly 1 °C over a few decades, increased frequency of heatwaves, more pronounced droughts, retreat of glaciers feeding major rivers, and an increase in extreme events (floods, landslides, forest and steppe fires).
France aims for carbon neutrality by 2060, in line with the Paris Agreement.
For now, these changes may seem distant to an expatriate, but they will gradually translate into concrete changes: renovation of heating systems, development of renewable energy (wind, solar), improved water management in agricultural areas, and enhanced prevention of flood or landslide risks in certain mountain ranges.
Living with the Climate Rather Than Against It
In the end, adapting to Kazakhstan’s climate is not just about piling on layers of clothing or investing in insulating curtains. It’s a holistic, physical, and cultural learning process.
Physically, the body eventually develops a form of tolerance to cold as well as heat, provided you don’t constantly try to replicate the conditions of your home country (uniform indoor temperature, limited outdoor exposure, etc.). An expatriate who accepts walking outside in winter, well-equipped, or who schedules summer outings for the coolest hours, often lives through the whole year better than another who shuts themselves in to fight every variation.
To adapt to the climate and culture, observe locals’ daily practices: how they dress, manage their homes in winter (ventilation, humidity, heating), and organize their movements according to the seasons. Kazakhs, heirs to a long nomadic tradition, have a fine knowledge of the weather and the sky, and willingly share these practical tips in everyday life, such as on public transport or at markets.
Finally, the Kazakh climate also imposes a form of humility. It reminds you that a road can be cut by a flood or blizzard, that a weekend mountain project must be reassessed the night before, that a late afternoon walk in July requires as much preparation as a January winter outing, but for different reasons. For an expatriate, this dependence on the weather can even become a source of pleasure: that of living in rhythm with the seasons, discovering the snowy winter of Almaty, the dry heat of the steppes, the explosive spring of the steppe carpeted with tulips, and the golden autumn of the forests.
Learning to deal with the local climate is ultimately about putting down roots in the country. Once you cross that threshold, Kazakhstan ceases to be “a country with frightening winters” and becomes a vast playground, demanding but fascinating, that you explore better when you know how to dress, house, and move around at the right time, in the right way.
Advice for residents and travelers in Kazakhstan
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Cyril Jarnias is an independent expert in international wealth management with over 20 years of experience. As an expatriate himself, he is dedicated to helping individuals and business leaders build, protect, and pass on their wealth with complete peace of mind.
On his website, cyriljarnias.com, he shares his expertise on international real estate, offshore company formation, and expatriation.
Thanks to his expertise, he offers sound advice to optimize his clients' wealth management. Cyril Jarnias is also recognized for his appearances in many prestigious media outlets such as BFM Business, les Français de l’étranger, Le Figaro, Les Echos, and Mieux vivre votre argent, where he shares his knowledge and know-how in wealth management.
