Published on and written by Cyril Jarnias
Moving to Greenland is nothing like a typical relocation. It means leaving behind a world of roads, big cities, and services available around the clock, for a vast Arctic island where most of the land is covered in ice, where communities are isolated, and where the climate, logistics, and distances dictate daily life. Still, the country boasts a generally low crime rate, a generous social system, and a culture of mutual aid that can provide a very safe living environment—provided you are well-prepared.
This article covers all the essential aspects for a safe expatriation: crime, legal framework, climate and environmental risks, healthcare system, emergency services, housing, cost of living, and cultural integration. Its goal is to provide the tools needed to prepare your move under the best conditions.
A Very Safe Country… But Not Without Risks
The first thing that comes to mind when talking about safety is crime. However, the main threats in Greenland are not those found in major metropolises, but rather those linked to the Arctic environment, isolation, and the structural limitations of a small, sparsely populated territory.
Crime: Generally Low Levels
Available perception data point to a generally moderate crime level, even low in some aspects. On a scale from 0 to 100, foreign contributors rate the crime level at 41.8, which remains moderate, with a high sense of safety during the day and still decent at night.
Notable findings include:
– low concern about assaults (around 36) and violent theft,
– moderate concern about vandalism and property theft (around 45),
– a high sense of safety when walking alone during the day (nearly 70 out of 100),
– still a relatively good sense of safety when walking alone at night (nearly 60).
The statistics presented, while consistent with official Canadian and U.S. assessments reporting low crime rates and rare violence against tourists, are based on a small sample of respondents and should therefore be taken with caution.
On the official statistics side, the number of homicides remains very low. In 2016, there were three intentional homicides, a rate of 5.365 per 100,000 residents. In a country of 56,000 inhabitants, each case weighs heavily in the statistics, but this is far from a situation of endemic insecurity.
However, authorities highlight other, less visible issues that are important for expats to understand the context: high suicide rates, higher mortality than the Nordic average, and health problems related to living conditions. For an expat, this does not translate into direct danger, but it sheds light on the central role of the social system and prevention.
Greenland applies a justice system integrated into the Kingdom of Denmark, with several levels of jurisdiction: district courts, the Court of Greenland, the High Court of Greenland, and finally the Supreme Court of Denmark as the last resort. The penal philosophy emphasizes resocialization rather than pure punishment.
Greenland has five prison facilities, located in Nuuk, Ilulissat, Aasiaat, Qaqortoq, and Tasiilaq. Their philosophy is to allow inmates to maintain as normal a daily routine as possible, including work and family ties. Meanwhile, a probation administration monitors individuals on suspended sentences, doing community service, or subject to psychiatric measures. This administration also collaborates with the police, schools, and social services for prevention efforts.
For an expat, this means:
– The legal framework is stable and aligned with Danish standards,
– The focus is on social cohesion and prevention,
– Corruption is perceived as moderate, without being a major problem.
In case of victimization, there is a victim compensation program and clear contacts: local police (+299 70 14 48), embassies or consulates for foreign nationals.
Climate, Environment, Isolation: The Real Daily Risks
Where major capitals expose you to crime, Greenland exposes you to something else: extreme cold, sudden weather changes, lack of roads between towns, potentially dangerous wildlife, and immense distances to emergency services. For a peaceful expatriation, this is the aspect to take most seriously.
A Demanding Arctic Climate
Greenland has an Arctic climate. Over 80% of the country’s surface (about 2.2 million km² total, of which 1.83 million is covered by the ice sheet) is permanently frozen. Towns and villages are concentrated on the ice-free coasts, mainly in the south and west coast.
Key features for anyone settling there:
Common minimum temperature in Greenland during the coldest months from November to January.
For an expat, these conditions mean a serious investment in gear (clothing, shoes, accessories) and accepting living with transport delays, temporary closures, and sometimes several days of weather downtime.
A Spectacular… and Potentially Dangerous Environment
Greenland’s nature is magnificent, but it is not domesticated. Key risks to keep in mind if you enjoy venturing outside towns:
– Wildlife
– Polar bears are present in several regions and remain extremely dangerous predators. Authorities recommend following official guidelines from Visit Greenland and polar guides, maintaining a safe distance, and never traveling without preparation in risk areas.
– Seals (six common species) can transmit bacteria through bites: any wound should be treated immediately.
– Musk oxen, which can weigh up to 850 pounds (about 380 kg), will defend themselves vigorously if they feel threatened. They should never be approached.
Glaciers are riddled with crevasses, often hidden by a thin layer of snow, making them hard to spot. It is extremely dangerous to venture onto them without an experienced guide and proper equipment. As for sea ice, beware of its deceptive appearance: the golden rule is never to walk on unknown ice that hasn’t been checked and cleared by locals or professionals.
– Risk of sudden waves
Tsunami-like waves can be triggered by landslides, iceberg calving, or glacial breaks, with very little warning. Fjord areas and unstable glacial fronts should be approached with caution.
– Navigation and isolation
Much of the territory is a true human desert. Venturing alone on a hike or expedition without knowledge of the terrain or emergency communication is a serious mistake. On iconic routes like the Arctic Circle Trail, authorities and local organizations recommend only going if you master navigation in remote areas, first aid, and carry a two-way emergency beacon.
In practice, a serene expatriation means accepting that nature is neither an urban park nor a mere backdrop for photos. It is respected, prepared for, and ideally enjoyed with the help of guides or locals.
Logistical Risks: When Isolation Becomes a Safety Factor
Greenland has no road network connecting towns and settlements. Each town or village is like an island: you get around on foot, by car, or bus within it, but to go elsewhere you must take a plane, boat, helicopter, or even snowmobile or dog sled depending on the season.
The practical, measurable impacts on the safety of information systems.
Expanding networks and adopting new technologies create more potential entry points for cybercriminals.
The proliferation of devices and remote users makes access control and security more difficult and time-consuming.
Many IoT devices have inherent security flaws, offering backdoors into the main network.
Centralization and massive data flow increase the risk of leaks, theft, or ransomware.
A failure or compromise of a critical service can paralyze all organizational activities.
Security breaches can lead to non-compliance with legal obligations (GDPR, NIS, etc.) and heavy penalties.
– Transport can be interrupted for several days due to bad weather (snowstorms, high winds, fog),
– Rescue services can sometimes take days to reach an area in remote regions,
– Evacuating a serious casualty often requires a complex chain: helicopter from the village, plane to a regional hospital, then possibly a medicalized transatlantic flight to Denmark or Iceland,
– Supplies (fuel, food, medical equipment) can experience temporary shortages if supply ships or flights are blocked.
Authorities are blunt: search and rescue capabilities are limited, the territory is immense, the weather harsh, and resources (ships, helicopters, planes) few. The cost of a rescue operation is billed to the rescued person. Hence the absolute necessity for any resident who wants to enjoy outdoor activities to have insurance covering rescue and medical evacuation.
Healthcare System: Good Care, But Far from Everything
To properly assess the safety of an expatriation, you need to look closely at medical coverage. Greenland has chosen a universal public healthcare system, but it faces strong geographical, human, and technical constraints.
Universal Coverage… for Residents
Healthcare in Greenland is public and tax-funded. For people registered as residents, coverage includes:
– General practitioner consultations,
– Care in public hospitals,
– Most prescribed medications,
– Public dental care in towns with clinics,
– Specialized care deemed medically necessary.
For expats, the key is resident status. Once registered, you have the same rights as the local population. Tourists and short-term visitors must pay for all care received; the European Health Insurance Card is not valid in Greenland.
Authorities strongly recommend taking out international health insurance that includes medical evacuation. Although local care is free for residents, transfer to a hospital in Denmark or Iceland incurs very high costs, not automatically covered by insurance companies or authorities.
A System Under Constraints
The healthcare network is structured around:
– A national hospital in Nuuk (Dronning Ingrids Hospital), equipped with about 190 beds, scanners (MRI, CT), an emergency department, and limited intensive care, including for newborns,
– Five regional hospitals in towns like Aasiaat, Ilulissat, Sisimiut, Qaqortoq, and Tasiilaq,
– Health centers in larger settlements,
– Health posts without a permanent doctor in many small villages, where follow-up is done remotely via telemedicine.
But some services simply do not exist in the territory: hemodialysis, interventional cardiology (like stent placement), cardiac surgery, or invasive radiology are not performed. For these conditions, the only option is evacuation abroad, usually to the reference hospital in Copenhagen (Rigshospitalet) or to Iceland.
The healthcare system experiences high turnover of medical staff, with many short-term contracts, which affects continuity of care. However, telemedicine, deployed in about 70 locations, partially compensates for these difficulties. It has already been used to diagnose and stabilize serious emergencies remotely (severe asthma, bilateral pneumonia, heart failure), avoiding or better preparing for an air evacuation.
Emergencies, Evacuation, and Medical Rescue
In case of a life-threatening emergency, dial 112, the universal number for police, fire, and ambulance. In larger towns, ambulances exist, but the number of vehicles is limited. In small settlements, you often rely on improvised means (cars, boats) and available health personnel.
Aeromedical evacuations mainly rely on:
– Air Greenland, which handles internal transfers with Beechcraft B-200 aircraft (1 to 2 stretchers or 1 incubator) and larger planes (Dash) if needed,
– Helicopters to transport a patient from a village to an airport,
– Dedicated medical jets (e.g., Hawker 800) or adapted commercial flights for transatlantic transfers to Denmark or Iceland.
On average per year, there are approximately:
– 220 patients transported on a stretcher within Greenland by plane,
– 75 serious cases per year accompanied by a doctor or nurse anesthetist,
– 25 patients intubated before transfer,
– 50 patients transferred abroad, about two-thirds to Copenhagen.
This is the minimum number of hours, in the best case, to evacuate a patient from Nuuk to the reference hospital in Denmark.
For a long-term expatriation, this reality means planning ahead:
– Your chronic conditions (asthma, diabetes, heart failure, etc.) and discuss them with your doctor before leaving,
– The stock of medication to bring (at least an extra 10-day supply, as transport delays can occur),
– The possibility of needing to be evacuated abroad if you develop a serious condition.
Mental Health and Isolation
Greenland, as mentioned, has a long-term high suicide rate compared to other Nordic countries. For an expat, the main concern is the weight of isolation:
– Long periods of darkness in winter,
– Weather that limits social interactions,
– Few entertainment venues,
– Distance from family back home.
In this context, it is crucial to:
– Maintain an active social network (through colleagues, activities, associations),
– Identify psychological support resources available locally,
– Not hesitate to use helplines (e.g., the listening line at +299 80 11 80 or by SMS at 1899 for suicide prevention).
A serene expatriation in Greenland requires taking mental health as seriously as physical health.
Housing, Cost of Living, and Lifestyle: Material Safety
You cannot discuss safety without addressing housing and livelihood. Greenland faces a housing shortage and high prices for imported food, but also has a Nordic-style social system that cushions some shocks.
Housing Shortage and Tensions in Nuuk
Greenland has the lowest population density in the world, but that does not mean you can easily find an apartment. On the contrary, the shortage mainly affects towns, especially the capital Nuuk, which concentrates nearly 20,000 of the roughly 56,000 inhabitants.
Key takeaways:
– Widespread housing shortage, particularly acute in Nuuk,
– Waiting lists for public housing can reach 10 to 12 years,
– Very tight private rental market,
– Many expats are housed by their employer (administrations, hospitals, large companies),
– Frequent use of temporary “service” or “vacant housing” for newcomers, where the benefit-in-kind is taxed rather than charged as rent.
The real estate market is also regulated to prevent foreign speculation: land ownership remains public, managed by municipalities, and you only obtain a right of use (site allotment). Recent changes restrict property access to Danish citizens or those who have lived and paid taxes in Greenland for at least two years, with others needing a derogation.
For an expatriation project, this means you must:
– Secure housing before arriving, ideally through your employer,
– Possibly accept a modest service apartment at first,
– Avoid counting on a short-term property purchase.
Cost of Living: Living Well, But at a Price
Life in Greenland is expensive, especially in towns. In Nuuk, approximate figures are:
| Expense Item | Example Monthly / Unit Cost (Nuuk) |
|---|---|
| 1-bedroom rent in city center | ~7,667 DKK (range 4,000–10,000 DKK) |
| 1-bedroom rent outside center | ~6,000 DKK (2,000–8,000 DKK) |
| 3-bedroom rent in city center | ~16,667 DKK (12,000–25,000 DKK) |
| 3-bedroom rent outside center | ~15,167 DKK (12,500–18,000 DKK) |
| Utilities (electricity, heating, water, garbage) | ~1,500 DKK / month for 85 m² |
| Fixed internet | ~1,000 DKK / month |
| Mobile plan (voice + data) | ~399 DKK / month |
Everyday consumption:
| Product / Service | Indicative Price in Nuuk |
|---|---|
| Inexpensive restaurant meal | ~100 DKK (80–155 DKK) |
| 3-course meal for 2 (mid-range) | ~550 DKK (350–700 DKK) |
| Local draft beer (1 pint) | ~65 DKK |
| Bread (1 lb) | ~22 DKK |
| Milk (1 gallon) | ~69 DKK |
| Dozen eggs | ~31 DKK |
| Chicken (1 lb) | ~72 DKK |
| Local cheese (1 lb) | ~109 DKK |
| Fitness (monthly membership) | ~366 DKK |
| Cinema (ticket) | ~120 DKK |
According to international comparisons, Nuuk ranks in the top 15% of the most expensive cities in the world, with a cost of living estimated at around USD 2,217 per month for a single person (including housing). The good news: the median net salary in Nuuk is about USD 5,089, enough to cover just over two months of average expenses. In practice, the high cost of consumer goods is partially offset by high incomes and the social system (housing subsidies, allowances, etc.).
For a family, estimates at the national level are:
| Household Type | Estimated Average Monthly Cost (incl. rent, USD) |
|---|---|
| Single person | ~USD 4,405 |
| Couple | ~USD 6,319 |
| Family of 4 | ~USD 8,992 |
A prudent expat will therefore plan for:
– A budget safety margin for the first few months,
– An initial investment in gear (technical clothing, boots, etc.),
– Higher internal transportation costs than in mainland Europe.
Legal Framework, Permits, and Status: Administrative Safety
A successful expatriation also requires a clear administrative situation. Greenland, although autonomous, is part of the Kingdom of Denmark, but is not part of the European Union or the Schengen Area. This implies a separate visa and permit regime, managed in cooperation with Danish authorities.
Visa, Stay, and Work: A Specific Framework
Key principles:
– A Danish residence card does not automatically grant the right to reside in Greenland, and vice versa.
– A standard Schengen visa is not valid for entering Greenland.
– Most non-Nordic expats need a combined residence and work permit, processed by the Danish agency SIRI based on decisions from the Greenlandic government.
Special cases:
Citizens of Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden) enjoy free movement without a passport requirement. EU/EEA and Swiss nationals can enter without a visa but must obtain a residence and work permit to take up employment. Many countries (USA, Canada, UK, Australia, Japan, etc.) are visa-exempt for short stays (usually 90 days in 180), but a permit is required to work. Note that some visa-exempt nationals must still have a biometric passport.
The standard work permit requires:
– A concrete job offer from a Greenlandic employer,
– Salary and working conditions compliant with local standards and collective agreements,
– A full-time position (often 40 hours per week),
– Sometimes a municipal authorization for the employer to hire foreign labor for that position.
The work permit duration is generally limited to a maximum of two years, aligned with the contract length or validity of the municipal authorization. An extension application must be filed before expiry to continue working while it is processed. A prolonged absence from Greenland (more than 6 to 12 months depending on seniority) may render the permit void, unless a derogation is granted.
Crucial point: if the job giving rise to the permit is lost, the permit may be revoked. Changing employers requires a new permit application before starting the new job.
Family, Permanent Residence, and Citizenship
An expat who obtains a work permit can, under certain conditions, bring family members (spouse, registered or de facto partner, children under 18). Each must file their own residence application for family reunification, and the expat must prove they have sufficient resources and adequate housing.
In the longer term, after several years of legal stay and integration (learning Danish or Greenlandic, stable resources, etc.), it is possible to apply for a permanent residence permit in the Kingdom of Denmark. Dual citizenship is allowed, but access to citizenship remains a demanding process, especially for a country as small and sensitive to its population balance.
Culture, Social Life, and Everyday Safety
Safety is not just the absence of crime or a controlled climate: it is also the ability to integrate, understand social codes, and feel comfortable in a new living environment.
An Inuit-European Culture: Mutual Aid as a Foundation
Greenland is predominantly inhabited by Inuit, whose ancestors migrated from Alaska about a thousand years ago. The local culture, tinged with Danish influences, remains strongly marked by:
– Solidarity and sharing,
– A relationship of respect for the environment,
– Traditional practices like hunting, fishing, kayaking, dog sledding,
– Codes of indirect communication, where direct confrontation is avoided.
In daily life, this translates into some useful pointers:
For greetings, “Aluu” is commonly used, accompanied by a handshake, sometimes a hug or a kiss on the cheek depending on familiarity. It’s important to keep your voice low in public places, as speaking loudly is considered impolite. Respect personal space; physical contact should usually be initiated by the local person. In supermarkets, queues may seem loosely organized: it’s better to be patient than to complain. Finally, small awkward moments are often met with laughter—not mockery, but to lighten the situation.
For an expat, part of psychological safety comes from accepting these codes, without assuming everyone speaks English, and making an effort to learn a few words of Greenlandic. Showing interest in the culture, attending “kaffemik” (large coffee-and-cake gatherings to celebrate an event), and trying local specialties (mattak, dried fish, reindeer, musk ox) are good entry points.
Local Mobility, Sled Dogs, and Unwritten Rules
Even in Nuuk, pedestrian infrastructure can be surprising. Crosswalks are fewer, and drivers do not systematically yield to pedestrians or cyclists. The basic safety rule: mimic local behavior, cross at appropriate spots, and don’t assume cars will stop.
In many regions, sled dogs are working animals, often tied up, sometimes hungry and unpredictable. It is strongly advised not to pet them or approach without the owner’s explicit permission.
The same principles of caution apply to photography: ask people’s permission before taking their picture, respect children, and avoid intrusive shots.
Emergencies, Rescue, and Preparation: How to Stay in Control
A serene expatriation in Greenland ultimately rests on good personal preparation. Infrastructure exists—hospitals, police, rescue services—but their limitations must be known in advance.
Key Numbers and Structures
When settling in, it’s useful to keep some essential contacts handy:
| Service / Institution | Primary Contact |
|---|---|
| Emergencies (police, fire, ambulance) | 112 |
| Police (non-urgent, reporting) | +299 70 14 48 |
| National Hospital (Dronning Ingrids, Nuuk) | +299 34 40 00 |
| Medical Hotline (Nuuk) | +299 55 99 55 |
| Suicide Prevention Helpline | +299 80 11 80 / SMS 1899 |
For foreigners, embassies (e.g., the U.S. Embassy in Copenhagen) can also serve as a relay in case of crime, serious accident, or consular difficulty.
Search and Rescue: Real Capabilities
Search and rescue (SAR) operations cover over 2 million km², from Thule in the north to Nanortalik in the south. They are mainly coordinated by:
Surveillance of Greenlandic waters relies on coordination between several entities, using civilian and military air assets.
Handles surveillance and interventions near the coast.
Responsible for surveillance and sovereignty operations in open waters.
Extensive use of Air Greenland’s helicopters and planes to support missions.
The rescue fleet now includes modern H225 helicopters with advanced navigation systems to operate in bad weather. But resources remain limited, and Arctic conditions (wind, snow, ice, rough seas) complicate every mission. Up to 18 people can be mobilized for a major operation.
For a resident who enjoys hiking, boating, or backcountry skiing, the recommendations are always the same:
Before leaving, inform a responsible contact of your itinerary and expected return time. Carry appropriate survival gear, including extra clothing, food for at least two days, and means of making fire if the context allows. Ensure you have a reliable way to call for help, such as a satellite phone or beacon, especially outside mobile coverage areas. Only activate an SOS signal in immediate, life-threatening danger, such as asphyxiation, uncontrolled bleeding, a serious fall, extreme environmental conditions, or being lost.
Again, insurance will play a key role in covering not only care but also the potentially very high cost of a rescue operation in a remote area.
Telecommunications, Information, and Digital Autonomy
Finally, modern safety also depends on the ability to stay connected: to warn, call for help, check weather updates, and follow official advisories.
A State Monopoly, Good Coverage, But Limits
Telecommunications in Greenland are managed by a single public company, Tusass (formerly TELE Greenland). It handles mobile networks, fixed internet, submarine cables, and satellite links.
Key points:
Overview of internet infrastructure and access technologies in Greenland, from submarine cables to satellites.
Internet to the outside world mainly goes through the Greenland Connect submarine cable, linked to Iceland and Canada.
4G is now available in all inhabited settlements, after equipping 119 relay stations, including the tiny village of Qeqertaq (130 inhabitants).
The most isolated areas, especially in the east and Qaanaaq region, still rely solely on satellites, which are more prone to weather disruptions and downstream outages.
For expats, this means:
– Internet penetration exceeds 90%; you’ll find a signal in most inhabited areas,
– But connections are expensive, often capped in volume (data caps) on fixed lines, and can slow down during peak hours,
– Services like Starlink are banned to preserve Tusass’s monopoly, though some users tried to use it before the ban.
Tusass also offers a “Tusass Hello” eSIM for travelers, handy for an initial connection to the local network.
Resilience and Vulnerabilities
In terms of “digital sovereignty,” Greenland remains highly dependent on foreign providers:
57% of .gl internet domains are hosted on U.S. infrastructure, compared to only 26% in Greenland.
In the event of a major incident on foreign infrastructure, some online services (education, finance, etc.) could be affected. A project to create a sovereign government cloud and a national internet exchange point is under study to strengthen resilience.
For the expat, the takeaway is simple: don’t assume the internet is infallible; plan for backups (paper maps, offline notes of phone numbers, physical copies of essential documents), and anticipate periods of limited connectivity, especially when traveling in remote regions.
Building a Serene Expatriation: Summary and Key Tips
Living in Greenland can offer a high level of physical safety from crime, a protective social system, an exceptional natural environment, and a unique cultural experience. But this safety is not automatic: it is built, starting from the project preparation stage, by embracing the specificities of an isolated Arctic territory.
In summary, for a truly serene expatriation in Greenland, it is essential to:
– Understand the nature of risks
The main threats are not assaults or break-ins, but extreme cold, isolation, delays in rescue, healthcare system limitations, and logistical uncertainties.
To settle long-term, it is crucial to secure a solid residence and work permit. Ideally, find an employer who can also help with housing. Never arrive without a confirmed accommodation solution. Finally, plan a budget suited to the high cost of living, especially in the capital, Nuuk.
– Take insurance seriously
Even with free care for residents, international health insurance covering medical evacuation and rescue is essential. The cost of a medical repatriation or rescue mission is high.
– Equip yourself for the climate
Adopt the layering system (thermal underwear in wool or synthetic, insulating layer in wool or fleece, outer windproof and waterproof shell), invest in insulated boots, gloves, a hat covering the ears, good-quality sunglasses, sunscreen, lip balm, and moisturizer.
– Respect nature and seek advice
Do not venture alone into remote areas, follow authorities’ recommendations for polar bears and other animals, never walk on glaciers without a guide or on doubtful ice, and avoid approaching unstable glacial fronts.
It is crucial to anticipate the impact of isolation and the polar night. To preserve your well-being, maintain regular contact with loved ones and get involved in the local community. Identify available psychological support resources upon arrival and do not hesitate to use them if needed.
– Learn cultural codes
Speak calmly, respect personal space, be patient in daily interactions, ask before taking photos, and show interest in the Greenlandic language and culture to foster a climate of trust—and thus social safety.
By following these guidelines, Greenland can become far more than an extreme destination: a surprisingly safe place to live, with a strong sense of community and a nature that, when approached with humility and preparation, offers a quality of life found nowhere else. Expatriation in Greenland rewards those who accept its constraints and challenges with a profoundly meaningful—and, in many ways, serene—experience.
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Cyril Jarnias is an independent expert in international wealth management with over 20 years of experience. As an expatriate himself, he is dedicated to helping individuals and business leaders build, protect, and pass on their wealth with complete peace of mind.
On his website, cyriljarnias.com, he shares his expertise on international real estate, offshore company formation, and expatriation.
Thanks to his expertise, he offers sound advice to optimize his clients' wealth management. Cyril Jarnias is also recognized for his appearances in many prestigious media outlets such as BFM Business, les Français de l’étranger, Le Figaro, Les Echos, and Mieux vivre votre argent, where he shares his knowledge and know-how in wealth management.
