Published on and written by Cyril Jarnias
The history of Saudi Arabia is not limited to desert or oil. It begins with some of the oldest known traces of human occupation, encompasses the rise of great Arab civilizations, witnesses the birth of Islam and the succession of empires, Saudi states, and foreign powers, leading to the unification of the modern kingdom and the oil revolution. Today, the country’s story is also told through its archaeological sites, its heritage policies, and its accelerated economic transformations.
The article traces Saudi Arabia’s development over hundreds of thousands of years, drawing on historical and archaeological data. It mentions ancient stone tools, historical sites like Diriyah, Hegra, Mecca, Riyadh, Dhahran, and AlUla, up to the modern industrial complexes of Saudi Aramco. This journey illustrates the region’s profound transformation.
From the Earliest Human Traces to Ancient Kingdoms
Long before the appearance of organized states, the Arabian Peninsula was home to a very ancient human presence. Paleolithic sites uncovered in present-day Saudi Arabia show it was an area of passage and settlement long before the desert became the dominant image.
Researchers speak of a “Green Arabia” during certain prehistoric periods, when a wetter climate allowed for abundant flora and fauna. Human population migrations are attested there between approximately 300,000 and 500,000 years ago, and several deposits yield Acheulean or Middle Paleolithic tools, such as at Ti’s al Ghadah in the northwest, or at the An Nasim site in the Ha’il region.
From Prehistoric Cultures to the Emergence of Urban Centers
Over the millennia, lifestyles evolved toward nomadic pastoralism. Around 6,000 years BCE, a broad demographic expansion accompanied human settlement in the south and interior of the country. Megalithic monuments, such as a 35-meter-long triangular structure dating to the seventh millennium BCE at Dumat al-Jandal, point to complex social and ritual organization.
The Dilmun civilization, centered on present-day Bahrain, extended along the eastern coast of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Qatar. It controlled the sea routes of the Gulf and served as a crucial commercial intermediary between Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, and interior Arabia, as evidenced by Mesopotamian texts from the 2nd millennium BCE.
Further west, northwestern Saudi Arabia saw the flourishing of the kingdoms of Dedan and Lihyan, centered on present-day al-‘Ula, and later the Nabatean power, of which Hegra (Madain Salih) became one of the great southern hubs.
The following table summarizes some of the major entities of ancient Arabia within the territory of the present-day country.
| Main Region | Civilization / Kingdom | Approximate Period | Current Emblematic Location |
|---|---|---|---|
| East (Al-Ahsa, Gulf) | Dilmun | 4th – 1st millennium BCE | Tarout Island, Qal’at al-Qatif, Gerrha |
| Northwest (AlUla) | Dedan / Lihyan | 6th – 2nd century BCE | Al-‘Ula, Dadan, Jabal Ikmah |
| Northwest (Hegra) | Nabateans | 1st century BCE – 2nd century CE | Hegra / Al-Hijr (UNESCO) |
| Southwest / South-Central | Kingdom of Kinda | 1st millennium BCE – early 1st millennium CE | Qaryat al-Faw (UNESCO tentative list) |
| East (under Iranian empires) | Sassanian Provinces | 3rd – 6th century CE | Haggar (Hofuf), Vahman Ardashir (Qatif) |
A Crossroads of Kingdoms and Empires
The east of the peninsula came under the influence of the great Iranian empires. The Parthians and then the Sassanids controlled the southern shores of the Gulf, installing garrisons and governors in Oman, Bahrain, and the Hofuf (Haggar) province. The Sassanian power even created a southern province encompassing the eastern Saudi coast and the Bahrain archipelago, subdivided into districts like Vahman Ardashir (Qatif).
More than one hundred monumental tombs remain at Hegra, making it the first Saudi site inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.
Meanwhile, in the center of the peninsula, the Kingdom of Kinda federated tribes of Najd and established its capital at Qaryat al-Faw, a caravan crossroads located on the edge of the Rub’ al Khali desert. This ancient urban center is now recognized as a major cultural landscape, recently inscribed on the World Heritage List.
The Cradle of Islam and the Era of the Caliphates
In the early 7th century, a major upheaval emerged in western Arabia. In Mecca, a trading and pilgrimage city in the Hejaz region, the preaching of the Prophet Muhammad led to the formation of a first Muslim community. His emigration to Yathrib, the future Medina, marked the birth of an Islamic state centered on the peninsula.
Within a few decades, the conquests of the first caliphs extended Islam from the Iberian Peninsula to India. Although the political center of the great caliphates later shifted out of Arabia, the holy cities of Mecca and Medina remained the symbolic and spiritual heart of the Muslim world.
After this rapid expansion, the interior of the peninsula largely reverted to tribal structures. From the 10th century, the Hejaz region was ruled by the Sharifs of Mecca, a Hashemite lineage descended from the Prophet’s family, who successively recognized the authority of various regional powers, including caliphates and later the Ottoman Empire.
Arabia Under Ottoman Domination
In 1517, the Ottoman Sultan Selim I took control of Mecca and Medina, incorporating the Hejaz, Asir, and the eastern oasis of al-Hasa into his empire. The central role of the Ottomans was to ensure the security of the holy cities and the major pilgrimage routes, from Damascus and Cairo to Mecca. The ruler took the title of “Servant of the Two Holy Sanctuaries,” a formula later adopted by Saudi kings.
Ottoman authority in Arabia varied by region. The coasts and the Hejaz were directly administered by governors and garrisons. In contrast, central Najd remained largely under the control of Arab tribal chieftains. In the east, the al-Hasa region sometimes slipped from Ottoman control, forcing them to reconquer it in the 18th and 19th centuries. The interior saw the succession of small local dynasties, such as the Uyunids, the Usfurids, the Jarwanids, the Jabrids, and the Bani Khalid.
It was in this context of a distant imperial power and internal fragmentation that the first Saudi entity would emerge in the mid-18th century.
The Three Saudi States: From the Oasis of Diriyah to the Capital Riyadh
The political history of Saudi Arabia is often presented as that of three successive Saudi states, all carried by the same dynasty, the Al Saud, and by a lasting alliance with the heirs of the religious reformer Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab.
The First Saudi State: Diriyah and the Religious Alliance
In the mid-18th century, the Emirate of Diriyah, an oasis in Najd founded in the 15th century by Mani’ al-Muraydi, gained new importance. Its emir, Muhammad bin Saud, concluded a decisive pact in 1744 with the preacher Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. The latter advocated a return to the sources of Islam and a rejection of practices considered innovations or idolatry. The alliance between the House of Saud and the Al ash-Sheikh family (descendants of Ibn Abd al-Wahhab) provided an ideological basis for political expansion.
From Diriyah, the First Saudi State extended its control over most of Najd, then eastward to the Gulf coast, and southwest into Asir. At the turn of the 19th century, its forces even captured Karbala in Iraq, destroyed Shiite shrines, and then took Mecca and Medina, directly challenging Ottoman authority over the holy cities.
Alarmed, the Ottoman Sultan tasked his powerful Egyptian vassal, Muhammad Ali Pasha, with retaking the region. Campaigns led by his sons Tusun and then Ibrahim Pasha reconquered the Hejaz, advanced into Najd, and besieged Diriyah. After several months of siege, the capital was destroyed in 1818, and the last imam, Abdullah bin Saud, was executed in Constantinople.
This episode marked the end of the First Saudi State, but not of the dynasty.
Historian
The Second Saudi State: Riyadh as the New Center
A few years later, the Al Saud family managed to return to power in Najd. In 1824, Turki bin Abdullah retook Riyadh, which he chose as the new capital, Diriyah having been ravaged and partly abandoned. This Second Saudi State, known as the Emirate of Najd, revived many of the structures of the first, with a constant reference to Wahhabi doctrine, but without the territorial scope of the Diriyah era.
The reign of Faisal bin Turki, who ruled twice until 1865, was the most stable period. He managed to consolidate authority over Najd, extend influence eastward to al-Ahsa and Qatif, and even intervene in the Gulf, in Qatar or Bahrain. However, the state remained caught between Ottoman influences, British ambitions in the Gulf, and internal rivalries.
After Faisal’s death, his sons fought for power. The long civil war pitting Abdullah against Saud, and later involving collateral branches of the family, weakened the emirate. The perennial rival, the Emirate of Jabal Shammar ruled by the Al Rashid from Ha’il, took advantage to assert itself.
The decisive defeat occurred in 1891, at the Battle of Mulayda. The forces from Ha’il prevailed and the last imam, Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, had to flee. He led his family into exile, first to the Rub’ al Khali, then to Ottoman Iraq, and finally to Kuwait under the protection of Sheikh Mubarak. The Second Saudi State faded, but its heir, the young Abdulaziz, had not given up.
The Third Saudi State and the Unification of the Peninsula
It was from his Kuwaiti exile that Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud (also known as Ibn Saud) launched, in 1902, the expedition that would change the country’s destiny. At the head of a small group, he marched on Riyadh and captured the Masmak Fort, killing the governor aligned with the Al Rashid. This daring feat is considered the founding act of the Third Saudi State.
Starting from Riyadh, Ibn Saud conducted a series of military and political campaigns over three decades to unify most of the Arabian Peninsula.
He first consolidated his grip on the Najd region, the historic heart of his power.
In 1913, he wrested the strategic oasis of al-Hasa from the Ottomans, securing access to the Persian Gulf.
This conquest laid, unknowingly at the time, the first stone of the kingdom’s future oil power.
A central element of this expansion was the creation and organization of the Ikhwan, a religious militia composed of settled Bedouins in agricultural colonies, the hijra. Settled near wells and oases, equipped with mosques, schools, and weapons, these settlers were trained by Wahhabi preachers and transformed into an army known for its zeal and harshness. They played a decisive role in the conquest of Asir, Ha’il, and then the Hejaz.
In 1921, the final defeat of the Al Rashid allowed Ibn Saud to proclaim the Sultanate of Najd. Between 1924 and 1925, his forces, dominated by the Ikhwan, seized Taif, then Mecca, Medina, and finally Jeddah. The Hashemite monarchy of the Hejaz collapsed. In January 1926, Ibn Saud took the title of King of the Hejaz, before also becoming King of Najd. The new entity was named the Kingdom of Hejaz and Najd.
The politico-territorial map of this period is complex. The table below summarizes the evolution of entities controlled by Ibn Saud up to the creation of the unified kingdom.
| Period | Ibn Saud’s Title | Main Political Entity |
|---|---|---|
| 1902 – 1913 | Emir of Riyadh | Emirate of Riyadh |
| 1913 – 1921 | Emir of Najd and al-Hasa | Emirate of Najd and al-Hasa |
| 1921 – 1926 | Sultan of Najd | Sultanate of Najd |
| 1926 – 1927 | King of Hejaz, Sultan of Najd | Kingdom of Hejaz and Sultanate of Najd |
| 1927 – 1932 | King of Hejaz and Najd | Kingdom of Hejaz and Najd |
| From 1932 onward | King of Saudi Arabia | Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |
On the international front, the rising power had to deal with the British Empire, which dominated the Gulf and protected Iraq, Transjordan, and Kuwait. In 1915, the Treaty of Darin made his territories a British protectorate, in exchange for financial support. After World War I and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, London gradually shifted its support from the Hashemites to the Saudis, while trying to contain the expansionist zeal of the Ikhwan.
The militia refused to accept the halt of conquests toward British protectorates and multiplied incursions into Iraq, Transjordan, or Kuwait, provoking British aerial bombings and a serious internal crisis. The rupture culminated in 1929 when the Ikhwan openly rebelled. Ibn Saud, supported by forces with modern means and British aviation, heavily defeated them at Sabilla. The movement was broken, its leaders imprisoned, and the survivors later integrated into what would become the National Guard.
Once internal opposition was neutralized, Ibn Saud could formalize the unification. On September 23, 1932, a royal decree proclaimed the birth of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, uniting under one name Najd, the Hejaz, the East (al-Ahsa), and the southwest (Asir, Jizan, Najran). This day became the national day, celebrated every year.
An Economy of Pilgrimages and Oases Before the Black Gold
At the time of the kingdom’s proclamation, the country remained poor. The economy relied on oasis agriculture, livestock, caravan trade, and, above all, revenue from the pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina. Taxes levied on pilgrim flows constituted a major part of state revenue.
The annual number of pilgrims to Mecca before the collapse caused by the Great Depression starting in 1929.
It was in this context of scarcity that Ibn Saud’s attention turned to a still hypothetical resource: oil.
The Discovery of Oil: From Concession to “Prosperity Well”
The idea that hydrocarbons might exist in Arabia was inspired by discoveries made in the region. In 1908, a deposit was uncovered at Masjid-i-Sulaiman in Persia. In 1932, it was Bahrain’s turn, just off the Saudi coast, where the subsidiary of Standard Oil of California (SOCAL), BAPCO, discovered oil at Jabal al-Dukhan.
As early as 1922, Ibn Saud had met the New Zealand geologist Frank Holmes, who obtained a first concession on a vast area in the East in 1923. Lacking results and means, this concession was terminated in 1928. The appetite of the major companies remained intact, however, and SOCAL, which was not bound by the constraints of the “Red Line Agreement” limiting other firms in the former Ottoman Empire, quickly positioned itself.
In the spring of 1933, negotiations opened in Jeddah between the Saudi government, represented by Finance Minister Abdullah Suleiman, and the emissaries of the American company SOCAL, engineer Karl Twitchell and lawyer Lloyd Hamilton. They were supported by British advisor H. St. John B. Philby. Faced with competition from the Iraq Petroleum Company, it was ultimately SOCAL that won the agreement.
On May 29, 1933, a concession was signed, granting the Californian company exploration rights over approximately 930,000 km² of the Eastern Province for sixty years. The terms included a gold loan of £50,000, an annual royalty of £5,000 in gold, and future royalties. A royal decree in July 1933 confirmed the agreement. SOCAL created a dedicated subsidiary: the California Arabian Standard Oil Company (CASOC).
Convinced of the geological potential, he insisted on drilling Well No. 7 at the Dammam Dome deeper, despite the extra costs and risks, after the first six wells near Dammam and Dhahran had disappointed with low flow rates and technical problems.
Max Steineke, American chief geologist
In March 1938, the perseverance was rewarded. At a depth of about 1,440 meters, the Dammam Well No. 7 finally gushed with a commercial flow: 1,585 barrels on the first day, more than 3,800 barrels six days later. By the end of the month, production exceeded that daily level. In October, commercial production was officially announced. The well, soon nicknamed “Prosperity Well,” would operate until 1982, cumulatively extracting over 32 million barrels.
The discovery overturned the country’s trajectory. An entire industry was set up. A pipeline, about 70 kilometers long, connected Dammam to the new terminal at Ras Tanura on the Gulf coast. In May 1939, King Abdulaziz himself inaugurated the first export, loaded onto the tanker D.G. Scofield. Saudi black gold began its journey to world markets.
From CASOC to Aramco: Oil Expansion and National Transformation
World War II slowed the boom but did not interrupt it. In 1941, a new field was discovered at Abqaiq. In 1944, CASOC became the Arabian American Oil Company, better known as ARAMCO. Three years later, two American majors, Standard Oil of New Jersey (future Exxon) and Socony-Vacuum (future Mobil), entered the capital with stakes of 30% and 10% respectively, joining SOCAL and Texaco.
Production soared: over 21 million barrels were extracted in 1945, then about 500,000 barrels per day in 1949. The construction of the giant Ghawar field, discovered in 1948, and Safaniya, the world’s largest offshore field discovered in 1951, gave the country a central place in the global energy system. In 1958, daily production exceeded one million barrels; in 1962, cumulative volumes surpassed 5 billion.
Oil exploitation radically improved the kingdom’s finances, with an explosion in state revenue. This allowed massive investments in infrastructure, education, and health. The transfer of ARAMCO’s headquarters from New York to Dhahran in 1952 symbolized the recentering of operations. Finally, the 1950 agreement established an equal profit-sharing arrangement between the company and the Saudi state, marking a form of economic nationalism.
The table below illustrates some key milestones in this rise to oil power.
| Year | Major Oil Event | Production Indication / Effect |
|---|---|---|
| 1933 | SOCAL Concession Signed | Beginning of systematic exploration |
| 1938 | Commercial Discovery at Dammam No. 7 | First exportable barrels |
| 1941 | Discovery of Abqaiq Field | Expansion of the eastern cluster |
| 1945 | ARAMCO Annual Production: 21.3 million barrels | Anchoring of oil in the economy |
| 1949 | Production reaching ~500,000 barrels/day | Entry into the league of major producers |
| 1950 | 50/50 Profit-Sharing Agreement with the State | Increase in Saudi revenues |
| 1951 | Discovery of Safaniya (largest offshore field) | Strengthening of long-term potential |
| 1958 | Gross Production >1 million barrels/day | Massification of extraction |
| 1962 | 5 billion barrels cumulative production | Confirmation of ARAMCO’s major role |
Progressive Nationalization and the Birth of Saudi Aramco
In the 1970s, in the context of an Arab world seeking sovereignty over its resources, Riyadh engaged in a gradual increase in its stake in ARAMCO. In 1973, the state acquired 25% of the company, then 60% the following year. By the turn of the 1980s, it held 100%.
The change was not only financial. In the mid-1980s, the East-West Pipeline was built between Dhahran and Yanbu on the Red Sea, offering a strategic alternative to passage through the Strait of Hormuz. In 1988, a royal decree enacted the transformation of ARAMCO into the Saudi Arabian Oil Company, or Saudi Aramco. Ali bin Ibrahim al-Naimi became in 1984 the first Saudi president of the company, and its first Saudi CEO in 1988.
The initial territorial footprint of the 1933 concession was nearly one million km².
By the turn of the 21st century, Saudi Aramco had become the world’s largest national oil company, with proven reserves around 267 billion barrels, representing nearly 19% of global reserves, and about 12% of global production. The country accounted for over 20% of global oil sales and also established itself as the planet’s seventh-largest gas market.
In 2019, part of Saudi Aramco’s capital was listed on the stock exchange. The company then reported annual revenues exceeding $400 billion and profits surpassing $100 billion, with a market capitalization around $1.6 trillion. New hydrocarbon discoveries, such as the Jafurah, Shedgum, or Samna gas fields, complemented an already colossal portfolio.
The 1970s Boom and the Transformation of the Kingdom
The contemporary history of Saudi Arabia can also be read through the curves of the barrel price. In 1973, during the Yom Kippur War, Riyadh played a central role in the oil embargo decided by several Arab countries against Israel’s allies. The shock was worldwide. The oil price quadrupled between 1973 and 1974, rising from about $1.5 to over $10, and continued to climb until the early 1980s.
Saudi Arabia’s oil revenues exceeded this amount in billions of dollars in 1980.
Two major industrial cities, Jubail on the Gulf coast and Yanbu on the Red Sea, were planned and managed by a royal commission created in 1975. A public company, SABIC, was established in 1976 to develop petrochemicals, polymers, and fertilizers. By the late 1980s, nearly $500 billion had been invested in these successive plans.
Electricity production in Saudi Arabia rose from 2 to 44 billion kilowatt-hours between the late 1960s and 1984.
This rapid transformation did not occur without tensions: inflation, social pressures, the rise of Islamist currents, regional crises. The seizure of the Grand Mosque in Mecca by an armed group in 1979, followed by unrest in the Eastern Province the same year, reminded everyone of the fragility of a model subjected to strong identity and political shocks.
An Absolute Monarchy at the Heart of Regional Issues
Politically, the kingdom remains an absolute monarchy, governed according to a conservative interpretation of Sunni Islam. The constitution is defined by the Quran and the Sunna, and power circulates within the descendants of Abdulaziz. Since 1932, seven kings have succeeded each other: Saud, Faisal, Khalid, Fahd, Abdullah, and Salman, the latter seeing his son Mohammed bin Salman emerge as crown prince and de facto ruler.
It positions itself as both the guardian of the Holy Sanctuaries, a major actor in the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, a founding member of the Arab League, and a pillar of OPEC. Its strategic alliance with the United States, consolidated in 1945 between King Abdulaziz and President Roosevelt, rests on an implicit exchange: security for energy supply.
Riyadh on the international stage
The country plays a central role in major oil crises, in the Cold War (funding anti-communist movements, pressuring the USSR via oil prices), and then in regional conflicts, from the Gulf War to the intervention in Yemen. It also faces recurring criticism concerning human rights, the role of Wahhabi ideology in the spread of Islamist currents, or the conduct of the war in Yemen.
Heritage, the New Face of Saudi History
For a long time, the national narrative emphasized unification by the Al Saud, the role of religion, and oil success. But for about twenty years, and even more so with the Vision 2030 initiative championed by Mohammed bin Salman, the country seeks to valorize its entire historical heritage, from prehistory to ancient empires, including Diriyah and AlUla.
The Heritage Commission works to inventory, document, and protect archaeological sites. Thanks to systematic campaigns, the number of sites registered in the National Register of Antiquities reached 11,577 in 2025, compared to 8,788 two years earlier. Remote sensing technologies, LiDAR, satellite mapping, and 3D surveys are massively deployed. Citizens are encouraged to report new discoveries via digital platforms and social media.
The recent evolution of the census is summarized in the following table.
| Year / Period | Number of Documented Archaeological Sites | Main Comment |
|---|---|---|
| 2023 | 8,788 | Base before accelerated inventories |
| 2024 | 9,317 | Continuation of survey campaigns |
| June 2025 | 10,061 | Addition of 744 new sites |
| October 2025 (approx.) | 11,577 | + 1,516 additional sites |
Some regions stand out with an influx of discoveries, such as the Riyadh region, with over 1,100 new sites recently registered, or al-Baha and Tabuk. To this are added natural and cultural sites already recognized by UNESCO, the list of which grows longer each year.
Among the emblematic milestones are:
Saudi Arabia is home to exceptional cultural and natural sites, witnesses to ancient civilizations and millennia of history.
The country’s first UNESCO inscription, a major showcase of Nabatean civilization.
Historic heart of the First Saudi State, illustrating Najdi architecture of mudbrick.
The old sea gate to the Hejaz and Mecca, characterized by its traditional architecture.
At Jubbah and Shuwaymis, testify to continuous human occupation for over 8,000 years.
The world’s largest oasis, with a unique ecosystem of over 2.5 million date palms.
In the southwest, contains thousands of inscriptions and petroglyphs covering 7,000 years of history.
A crossroads of civilizations over seven millennia, including Hegra, Dadan, and Jabal Ikmah.
The kingdom ratified the World Heritage Convention in 1978, served on the World Heritage Committee between 2019 and 2023, and multiplies cooperation with foreign universities and institutions (CNRS, Belgian universities, King Saud University, etc.). Specialized training programs, like Heritage Horizon, are established to professionalize careers in archaeology and conservation.
This valorization is closely linked to the strategy of economic diversification: developing cultural and archaeological tourism, creating jobs, attracting foreign visitors, while strengthening the sense of national identity around a past richer and older than the simple oil narrative.
From “Green Arabia” to Vision 2030: A History Still in Motion
The history of Saudi Arabia can be read as a succession of “strata”: humid then desert prehistory, trading kingdoms, the birth of Islam and caliphates, Ottoman domination, construction then destruction of two Saudi states, gradual unification of the peninsula under Abdulaziz, oil revolution and 1970s boom, nationalization of Aramco, development plans, and today, an attempt to exit oil dependency via Vision 2030.
At each stage, the territory has been both a space of passage, pilgrimage, conquest, and negotiation. The incense caravan routes gave way to pipelines, mudbrick fortresses to business districts, Nabatean bas-reliefs to glass towers. Yet, continuity is tangible: in the ruins of At-Turaif as in the rock carvings of Ha’il, in the al-Ahsa oasis as in the giant fields of Ghawar or Safaniya, one reads the same tension between natural resources, exchange networks, and political constructions.
Today, Saudi Aramco remains at the heart of the national economy, with a major share of budget revenues, exports, and GDP still linked to hydrocarbons. But the country is trying to rebalance the equation by betting on petrochemicals (via SABIC), alternative energies, heritage tourism, and services. The promotion of ancient sites, historic villages like Ushaiqer or Rijal Almaa, and great cultural valleys like AlUla participates in a redefinition of the national narrative.
Nevertheless, challenges remain considerable: structural dependence on barrel prices, geopolitical tensions, international criticism on human rights, the need to offer prospects for a predominantly young population, and to manage the ideological legacy of a state built on a rigorous interpretation of Islam while opening up society.
The number of archaeological sites registered by the Heritage Commission in Saudi Arabia, illustrating the country’s continuous historical richness.
In this sense, modern Saudi Arabia, rich in its oil fields and megaprojects, is also the heir to a human heritage spanning hundreds of thousands of years, the systematic rediscovery of which is one of the great projects of the present.
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Cyril Jarnias is an independent expert in international wealth management with over 20 years of experience. As an expatriate himself, he is dedicated to helping individuals and business leaders build, protect, and pass on their wealth with complete peace of mind.
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